Vol 17, No 2 (2012)

Based on the results of studying the frequency of clinical and laboratory symptoms single standard epidemiological estimate of pneumonia is designed to be possible to be used with respect to full term and preterm infants. Such estimate should include the presence of inflammatory reaction in the lung on chest radiograph and at least one of the symptoms such as apnea, wheezing, sputum. For term infants the leading risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia associated with neonatal departments at Children ’s Hospital, was established to be a long-term (over 5 days) mechanical ventilation. For preterm newborns the risk factor for pneumonia, in addition, may be a history of respiratory distress syndrome, pneumopathy, intrauterine growth retardation, amniotic fluid aspiration and asphyxia at birth.

The aim of this study - assessment of knowledge and awareness of drug addicts on the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of hepatitis B and C infections and AIDS in order to improve preventive measures. In total 64 patients were interviewed: 30 women and 34 men. The method of collecting material: questionnaires, interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaires. The method was based on questionnaire of a public survey conducted by specialists General Department of Federal Service for Execution of Punishment (GUFSIN) in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, as well as the Biomedical Center of St. Petersburg in cooperation with Yale University, USA. The age distribution of respondents was uneven. The proportion of young people under the age of 25 years was the lowest - 10.9% of patients, cases aged 25-34 years - 46.8%, 35 years and older ones - 42.2. Such a distribution by age, in general, reflects the age structure of addiction incidence rate in Moscow. The results of the survey patients in the Narcological Clinical Hospital № 17 for the assessment of knowledge on the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of hepatitis B and C, HIV infection and AIDS have shown that they are aware of the epidemiology and treatment of these infections, while women were more knowledgeable than men. At the same time, the respondents showed little knowledge of these issues and little interest in treatment that most likely comes from misunderstanding of risk of these diseases. This ultimately leads to higher values of these patients (not interested in their health and the health of others and underestimating the risk of disease) as a potential sources of infection. When checking the knowledge about the transmission of hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses the highest awareness was observed in respect of HIV infection and AIDS, much less patients know about hepatitis C, and even less - about hepatitis B. Consequently, inadequate awareness (in all aspects of the problems) of the threat posed by the HIV epidemic, AIDS and hepatitis B and C, proves to be another of the many factors contributing to the high incidence of hepatitis and HIV infection among drug addicts. Thus, our results also suggest the importance of sanitation-educational work among the addicted patients and the need for the delivery accessible and fascinating instruction booklet highlighting the key issues of epidemiology, treatment and prevention HIV- infection, hepatitis B and C. Each patient should be provided with a such booklet. It is necessary to develop a test control, allowing to catch the interest and focus on critical issues of prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, HIV infection and parenteral hepatitis, if possible, from time to time to lecture.

In 108 HIV-infected patients studied the phenomenon of endogenous autorosette formation in peripheral blood in the peripheral blood has been studied. The total number of autorosettes and autorosettes with exocytic lysis was established to be much greater than in healthy individuals. This, along with neutrophilic and monocytic autorosettes a large number of autorosettes formed by platelets has been observed. Under the influence of antiretroviral therapy the number of platelet autorosettes decreases, the number of neutrophils and monocyte-derived autorosettes rises, eosinophilic autorosettes appear. Such dynamics seems to reflect the features of intercellular relationships in the blood of patients with HIV infection/ that indicates significant disturbances in the immune system and can serve as an indicator of treatment efficacy.

593 patients with chronic viral hepatitis were tested for HGV-RNA and TTV DNA of. HGV-RNA detected in 3 times less than TTV DNA - in 13.6% and 46.64%, respectively. A comparative evaluation of clinical and biochemical parameters in patients with coinfection HCV/HGV and HCV monoinfection revealed significant differences in the average level of activity of ALT and the rate of increased ALT, which were higher in Hepatitis C patients with HGV RNA in the blood. There was no influence of HGV infection on other clinical and biochemical parameters and levels of fibrosis in groups of patients with HCV monoinfected and co-infection HCV/ HGV. The presence of HGV RNA in blood Hepatitis C patients did not affect the effectiveness of AVT. 30 patients with Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B with HGV RNA in blood were examined three times on the background of the AVT (before, during and after treatment). In 23 out of 30 patients (76.6%) a disappearance of HGV RNA in the blood took place during AVT, but after treatment in 17 patients (53.3%) HGV RNA replication is resumed, i. e. suppression of replication on the background of AVT was temporary. In individuals with HGV monoinfection (n 12) clinical symptoms were poor, in half of the patients in this group of young and middle age the increase in cholesterol levels was noticed, as well as the sonographic signs of fatty liver.

The paper presents the results of the analysis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data, evaluation the effectiveness of etiologic and pathogenetic therapy in children with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Among the observed children the prevalence of a vertical transmission of the hepatitis C virus has been shown. The experimental data of the study of the pathogenesis published by domestic and foreign researchers in comparison with the results of the conducted analysis are presented. The highest probability of replicative mechanism in the pathogenesis of CHC in children has been shown, as well as an indirect role of allergic factors in the etiopathogenesis of CHC.

This literature review presents recent data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of the manifestations of rotavirus infection in children, needed to focus the attention of directors and practitioners on this issue, initiate the development of new approaches to diagnosis, therapy, prevention, clarify the pathogenesis of the disease.