Ecological and epidemiological characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis and ixodic tick-borne borreliosis incidence according to the data of the Arkhangelsk region for 2012–2022

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The increase of ticks infected with borrelia and tick-borne encephalitis virus, as well as the impact of anthropogenic factor on the ecosystem of the northern region determines the need to study possible risk factors and epidemiological trends in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and ixoid tick-borreliosis.

AIM: To conduct a retrospective ecological and epidemiological analysis of regional peculiarities of the epidemic process of tick-borne encephalitis and ixoid tick-borreliosis in the Arkhangelsk region in comparison with similar indicators in the North-West Federal District and Russia for 2012–2022.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The work was carried out in accordance with the ecological research design. Statistical data of the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System, as well as statistical annual forms of the Department of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in Russia and the Arkhangelsk region were used as the information base. The registered cases of tick-borne encephalitis and ixoid tick-borreliosis morbidity in the Arkhangelsk region, as well as in Russia and the Northwestern Federal District as a whole for 2012–2022 were evaluated. Time series analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019. The study also analyzes the dynamics of climatic factors in the Arkhangelsk region and its possible impact on the distribution and migration of ixodid ticks across the territory of the European North of Russia. Correlations were assessed by evaluating Pearson’s correlation criterion using the Google Collaboratory interface.

RESULTS: The number of tick bites in the Arkhangelsk region throughout the entire study period significantly exceeds the similar indicator (per 100 thousand population) in Russia. The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Arkhangelsk region significantly exceeds that in both the Russian Federation and the Northwestern Federal District, and exceeded the average annual rate in Russia more than 3 times, although it had a faster rate of decline (5.7% vs. 3.7% annually). The incidence of ixoid tick-borreliosis has a paradoxical character due to the fact that throughout almost the whole period it is below the all-Russian level (3.19 per 100,000 population in Arkhangelsk region against 4.41 in the Russian Federation), while the incidence in the Northwestern Federal District is 1.3 times higher on average.

CONCLUSIONS: During the last decade the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Arkhangelsk region remains stably high in comparison with both the Russian Federation and the Northwestern Federal District. The incidence of ixoid tick-borreliosis corresponds to the long-term average for Russia, with a more pronounced downward trend (4.7% vs. 1.7%). The territory of the Arkhangelsk region is subject to the trend of increasing average annual temperatures, and anthropogenic interventions, in particular, abundant deforestation, lead to the destruction of established ecosystems and open new opportunities and territories for ticks, which in the future may negatively affect the established trends of morbidity. The analysis confirms the need to develop and adopt organizational measures aimed at the development of epidemiological and epizootological monitoring.

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About the authors

Ivan A. Spirin

Northern State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: cia-10@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3232-6887
SPIN-code: 4748-3181
Russian Federation, 51 Troitsky avenue, 163069 Arkhangelsk

Daniil S. Mironov

Northern State Medical University

Email: danu.mironoff.200708@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2403-1712
SPIN-code: 6136-2781
Russian Federation, 51 Troitsky avenue, 163069 Arkhangelsk

Arkhip P. Kharitonenko

Russian State Agrarian University — Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy

Email: arhip.haritonenko090@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-6111-8178
Russian Federation, 127550 Moscow

Olga Yu. Leontyeva

Northern State Medical University

Email: lou1956@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1733-191X

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor

Russian Federation, 51 Troitsky avenue, 163069 Arkhangelsk

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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1. JATS XML
2. Fig. 1. Number of tick bites registered in the Arkhangelsk region and the Russian Federation for 2013*–2022 (per 100 thousand population). * time period under study has been changed due to the fact that the official statistics of tick bites in the Russian Federation has been registered since 2013.

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3. Fig. 2. Comparative dynamics of the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Arkhangelsk region, the Northwestern Federal District and Russian Federation (per 100 thousand population) for 2012–2022, with a forecast of the incidence in the Arkhangelsk region until 2024.

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4. Fig. 3. Comparative dynamics of ixoid tick-borreliosis morbidity in the Arkhangelsk region, the Northwestern Federal District and the Russian Federation (per 100 thousand population) for 2012–2022 with the forecast of morbidity in the Arkhangelsk region until 2024.

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5. Fig. 4. Average annual temperature and precipitation in the Arkhangelsk region in the period from 2012 to 2022.

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6. Fig. 5. A heat map of the correlation between the average annual temperature, the average annual precipitation and the number of suctions.

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7. Fig. 6. Area of acaricide treatments in the Arkhangelsk region for 2012–2021 (hectares).

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