Vol 20, No 3 (2024)

Chemistry

Evaluation of the Mechanism of Sinomenii Caulis in Treating Ulcerative Colitis based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Tian J., Yang C., Wang Y., Zhou C.

Abstract

Background:Studies have indicated that Sinomenii Caulis (SC) has several physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunosuppression, and so on. SC is currently widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, skin disease, and other diseases. However, the mechanism of SC in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear.

Aims:To predict the active components of SC and determine the mechanism of SC on UC.

Methods:Active components and targets of SC were screened and obtained by TCMSP, PharmMapper, and CTD databases. The target genes of UC were searched from GEO (GSE9452), and DisGeNET databases. Based on the String database, Cytoscape 3.7.2 software, and David 6.7 database, we analyzed the relationship between SC active components and UC potential targets or pathways. Finally, identification of SC targets in anti-UC by molecular docking. GROMACS software was used to perform molecular dynamics simulations of protein and compound complexes and to perform free energy calculations.

Results:Six main active components, 61 potential anti-UC gene targets, and the top 5 targets with degree value are IL6, TNF, IL1β, CASP3, and SRC. According to GO enrichment analysis, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus may be relevant biological processes implicated in the treatment of UC by SC. The KEGG pathway analysis result was mainly associated with the IL-17, AGE-RAGE, and TNF signaling pathways. Based on molecular docking results, beta-sitosterol, 16-epi-Isositsirikine, Sinomenine, and Stepholidine are strongly bound to the main targets. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that IL1B/beta-sitosterol and TNF/16-epi-Isositsirikine binding was more stable.

Conclusion:SC can play a therapeutic role in UC through multiple components, targets, and pathways. The specific mechanism of action needs to be further explored.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):195-207
pages 195-207 views

Application of Cell Penetrating Peptides for Intracellular Delivery of Endostatin: A Computational Approach

Zamani M., Nezafat N., Mokarram P., Kadkhodaei B.

Abstract

Background:Endostatin is an antiangiogenic compound with anticancer activity. The poor stability and low half-life of endostatin are the main barriers to the clinical use of this protein. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are extensively applied as carrier in the delivery of drugs and different therapeutic agents. Therefore, they can be proper candidates to improve endostatin delivery to the target cells.

Objective:In this study, we aim to computationally predict appropriate CPPs for the delivery of endostatin.

Methods:Potential appropriate CPPs for protein delivery were selected based on the literature. The main parameters for detection of best CPP-endostatin fusions, including stability, hydrophobicity, antigenicity, and subcellular localization, were predicted using ProtParam, VaxiJen, and DeepLoc-1.0 servers, respectively. The 3D structures of the best CPP-Endostatin fusions were modeled by the I-TASSER server. The predicted models were validated using PROCHECK, ERRAT, Verify3D and ProSA-Web servers. The best models were visualized by the PyMol molecular graphics system.

Results:Considering the principal parameters in the selection of best CPPs for endostatin delivery, endostatin fusions with four CPPs, including Cyt c-ss-MAP, TP-biot1, MPGα, and DPV1047, high stability and hydrophobicity, no antigenicity and extracellular localization were predicted as the best potential fusions for endostatin delivery. Four CPPs, including Cyt c-ss-MAP, TP-biot1, MPGα, and DPV1047, were predicted as the best potential candidates to improve endostatin delivery.

Conclusion:Application of these CPPs may overcome the limitation of endostatin therapeutic applications, including poor stability and low half-life. Subsequent experimental studies will contribute to verifying these computational results.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):208-223
pages 208-223 views

Computational Insight into the Mechanism of Action of DNA Gyrase Inhibitors; Revealing a New Mechanism

Muhammed M., Aki-Yalcin E.

Abstract

Background:Discovery of novel antimicrobial agents is in need to deal with antibiotic resistance. Elucidating the mechanism of action for established drugs contributes to this endeavor. DNA gyrase is a therapeutic target used in the design and development of new antibacterial agents. Selective antibacterial gyrase inhibitors are available; however, resistance development against them is a big challenge. Hence, novel gyrase inhibitors with novel mechanisms are required.

Objective:The aim of this study is to elucidate mode of action for existing DNA gyrase inhibitors and to pave the way towards discovery of novel inhibitors.

Methods:In this study, the mechanism of action for selected DNA gyrase inhibitors available was carried out through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In addition, pharmacophore analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and computational pharmacokinetics analysis of the gyrase inhibitors were performed.

Results:This study demonstrated that all the DNA gyrase inhibitors investigated, except compound 14, exhibit their activity by inhibiting gyrase B at a binding pocket. The interaction of the inhibitors at Lys103 was found to be essential for the binding. The molecular docking and MD simulation results revealed that compound 14 could act by inhibiting gyrase A. A pharmacophore model that consisted of the features that would help the inhibition effect was generated. The DFT analysis demonstrated 14 had relatively high chemical stability. Computational pharmacokinetics analysis revealed that most of the explored inhibitors were estimated to have good drug-like properties. Furthermore, most of the inhibitors were found to be non-mutagenic.

Conclusion:In this study, mode of action elucidation through molecular docking and MD simulation, pharmacophore model generation, pharmacokinetic property prediction, and DFT study for selected DNA gyrase inhibitors were carried out. The outcomes of this study are anticipated to contribute to the design of novel gyrase inhibitors.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):224-235
pages 224-235 views

A New Optimized Hybridization Approach for in silico High Throughput Molecular Docking on FPGA Platform

Jarrah A., Lababneh J.

Abstract

Background:The development process of a new drug should be a subject of continuous evolution and rapid improvement as drugs are essential to treat a wide range of diseases of which many are life-threatening. The advances in technology resulted in a novel track in drug discovery and development known as in silico drug design. The molecular docking phase plays a vital role in in silico drug development process. In this phase, thousands of 3D conformations of both the ligand and receptor are generated and the best conformations that create the most stable drug-receptor complex are determined. The speed in finding accurate and high-quality complexes depends on the efficiency of the search function in the molecular docking procedure.

Objective:The objective of this research is to propose and implement a novel hybrid approach called hABCDE to replace the EMC searching part inside the BUDE docking algorithm. This helps in reaching the best solution in a much accelerated time and higher solution quality compared to using the ABC and DE algorithms separately.

Methods:In this work, we have employed a new approach of hybridization between the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm and the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm as an alternative searching part of the Bristol University Docking Engine (BUDE) in order to accelerate the search for higher quality solutions. Moreover, the proposed docking approach was implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) parallel platform using Vivado High-Level Synthesis Tool (HLST) in order to optimize and enhance the execution time and overall efficiency. The NDM-1 protein was used as a model receptor in our experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.

Results:The NDM-1 protein was used as a model receptor in our experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach. The results showed that the execution time for the BUDE with the new proposed hybridization approach was improved by 9,236 times.

Conclusion:Our novel approach was significantly effective to improve the functionality of docking algorithms (Bristol University Docking Engine (BUDE)).

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):236-247
pages 236-247 views

A Computational Investigation on Chitosan Derivatives using Pharmacophore- based Screening, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations against Kaposi Sarcoma

Sakthivel K., Ganapathy P., Chandrasekaran K., Subbaraj G., Kulanthaivel L.

Abstract

Background:Cancer is one of the most dangerous illnesses to the human body due to its severity and progressive nature. Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) tumor can appear as painless purple spots on the legs, foot, or face. This cancer develops in the lining of lymph arteries and blood vessels. Along with the enlargement of lymph nodes, the vaginal region and the mouth portion are the additional target areas of KS. DNA-binding proteins known as Sox proteins are found in all mammals and belong to the HMG box superfamily. They controlled a wide range of developmental procedures, such as the formation of the germ layer, the growth of organs, and the selection of the cell type. Human developmental abnormalities and congenital illnesses are frequently caused by the deletion or mutation of the Sox protein.

Aim:The purpose of this study is to determine the promising Kaposi's sarcoma inhibitors through computational studies.

Objective:In this present study computational approaches were used to evaluate the anti- carcinogenic efficacy against Kaposi's sarcoma.

Methods:Ligand-based pharmacophore screening was performed utilising four different chemical libraries (Asinex, Chembridge, Specs, and NCI Natural products (NSC)) depending on the top hypothesis. The top hits were examined using molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital were analysed to determine the lead compounds' biological and pharmacological efficacy. The results of the study indicated that the leading candidates were possible SOX protein inhibitors.

Conclusion:The results revealed that the top hits responded to all of the pharmacological druglikening criteria and had the best interaction residues, fitness scores, and docking scores. The resulting leads might be potential Kaposi's Sarcoma alternative treatments.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):248-263
pages 248-263 views

DFT, Molecular Docking, Bioactivity and ADME Analyses of Vic-dioxim Ligand Containing Hydrazone Group and its Zn(II) Complex

Gökçe Çalişkan Ş.

Abstract

Background:Cancer is one of the diseases affecting a large population worldwide and resulting in death. Finding new anti-cancer drugs that are target-focused and have low toxicity is of great importance.

Objective:This study aimed to investigate the effects of vic-dioxime derivatives carrying hydrazone group and its Zn(II) complex on cancer using molecular docking, bioactivity and quantum chemical calculations.

Methods:Molecular docking studies were performed on epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 target proteins. Furthermore, molecular geometry was performed, and the frontier molecular orbitals, Mulliken charges and molecular electron density distribution were evaluated using density functional theory. Also, the bioactivity parameters of the compounds were evaluated, and ADME analysis was performed using web-based tools.

Results:Higher binding affinity was observed for Zn(II) complex with target proteins vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and against epidermal growth factor receptor when compared with LH2. Only the Zn(II) complex against the epidermal growth factor receptor had ligand efficiency and fit quality in the valid range. Furthermore, LH2 has the most potent electrophilic ability (acceptor) among other compounds. Moreover, both LH2 and Zn(II) complexes strongly satisfy Lipinski’s rule of five.

Conclusion:In conclusion, these novel compounds, especially Zn(II) complex, can be new candidates for anticancer drug development studies which are target-focused and have low toxicity.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):264-273
pages 264-273 views

Designing a Multi-epitope Vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 Variant based on an Immunoinformatics Approach

Farhani I., Yamchi A., Madanchi H., Khazaei V., Behrouzikhah M., Abbasi H., Salehi M., Moradi N., Sanami S.

Abstract

Background:SARS-CoV-2 is a life-threatening virus in the world. Scientific evidence indicates that this pathogen will emerge again in the future. Although the current vaccines have a pivotal role in the control of this pathogen, the emergence of new variants has a negative impact on their effectiveness.

Objective:Therefore, it is urgent to consider the protective and safe vaccine against all subcoronavirus species and variants based on the conserved region of the virus. Multi-epitope peptide vaccine (MEV), comprised of immune-dominant epitopes, is designed by immunoinformatic tools and it is a promising strategy against infectious diseases.

Methods:Spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins from all coronavirus species and variants were aligned and the conserved region was selected. Antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenicity of epitopes were checked by a proper server. To robust the immunity of the multi-epitope vaccine, cholera toxin b (CTB) and three HTL epitopes of tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFrC) were linked at the N-terminal and C-terminal of the construct, respectively. Selected epitopes with MHC molecules and the designed vaccines with Toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4) were docked and analyzed. The immunological and physicochemical properties of the designed vaccine were evaluated. The immune responses to the designed vaccine were simulated. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to study the stability and interaction of the MEV-TLRs complexes during simulation time by NAMD (Nanoscale molecular dynamic) software. Finally, the codon of the designed vaccine was optimized according to Saccharomyces boulardii.

Results:The conserved regions of spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein were gathered. Then, safe and antigenic epitopes were selected. The population coverage of the designed vaccine was 74.83%. The instability index indicated that the designed multi-epitope was stable (38.61). The binding affinity of the designed vaccine to TLR2 and TLR4 was -11.4 and -11.1, respectively. The designed vaccine could induce humoral and cellular immunity.

Conclusion:In silico analysis showed that the designed vaccine is a protective multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):274-290
pages 274-290 views

Research of Active Compounds from Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus and Potential Targets against Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Based on Network Pharmacology

Qiu X., Zhao Q., Qiu H., Cheng Y., Liu W., Yang L.

Abstract

Background:Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) is a series of lymphoid malignancies in some aggressive subtypes with unsatisfactory treatment effects. Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus (Xie Bai) is a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-cancer activities, which may potentially suppress aggressive NHL.

Objective:This study tries to discover active components and targets of Xie Bai in treating NHL by network pharmacology-based approaches.

Methods:Compounds and related targets of Xie Bai were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform. Target genes associated with NHL were searched by GeneCards and DisGeNET, then the overlapped targets were further analyzed by STRING tool, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was employed to verify the interaction between compounds and targets.

Results:11 bioactive compounds were successfully identified, with 30 targets that were screened out for the treatment of NHL. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that Xie Bai exerted its potential effects against NHL via pathways in cancer, such as PI3K/ AKT, p53, and MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that 3 active compounds (quercetin, betasitosterol, and naringenin) had good affinity with selected 6 targets (TP53, AKT1, CASP3, CCND1, HPK1, and NLRP3).

Conclusion:Identifying six potential genes could accurately be docked with Xie Bai and had close interactions with NHL, which may provide insight into further research and new treatment strategy.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):291-302
pages 291-302 views

In silico Analysis of Natural Inhibitors against HPV E6 Protein

Vani V., Venkateshappa S., Nishitha R., Shashidhar H., Hegde A., Alagumuthu M.

Abstract

Background:Drug re-purposing is one of the cost-effective methods to establish novel therapeutics against many diseases. Established natural products are collected from databases and used to potentially screen them against HPV E6 protein, a critical viral protein.

Objective:This study aims to design potential small molecule inhibitors against HPV E6 protein using structure-based approaches. Ten natural anti-cancerous compounds (Apigenin, Baicalein, Baicalin, Ponicidin, Oridonin, Lovastatin, Triterpenoid, Narirutin, Rosmarinic Acid, and Xanthone) were selected by review of the literature.

Methods:These compounds were screened using Lipinski Rule of Five. Out of ten compounds, seven were found to satisfy Rule of five. Docking of these seven compounds was carried out using AutoDock software and corresponding Molecular Dynamics Simulations were performed by GROMACS.

Results:Among the seven compounds docked with the E6 target protein, six compounds showed lesser binding energy than the reference compound, Luteolin. The three-dimensional structures of E6 protein and the corresponding ligand complexes were visualised and analysed using PyMOL whereas the two-dimensional images of protein-ligand interactions were obtained by LigPlot+ software to study the specific interactions. ADME analysis using SwissADME software revealed that all the compounds except Rosmarinic acid have good gastrointestinal absorption and solubility characteristics while Xanthone and Lovastatin showed blood brain barrier penetration properties. Considering the binding energy and ADME analysis, Apigenin and Ponicidin are found to be most suitable for de novo designing of potential inhibitors against the HPV16 E6 protein.

Conclusion:Further, synthesis and characterization of these potential HPV16 E6 inhibitors will be carried out and their functional evaluation using cell culture-based assays will be undertaken.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 2024;20(3):303-311
pages 303-311 views