Vol 22, No 1 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Articles: 7
- URL: https://rjeid.com/2211-3525/issue/view/9822
Medicine
Preface
A Review on Emerging Impact of Antitubercular Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives
Abstract
The present review aims to summarize the antitubercular profile of 1,2,4-triazole, one of the emerging entitled and most sought scaffold with a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. A systematic review of literature on Heterocycles, establishes the fact that 1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives exhibit diverse activities. The 1,2,4-triazole core is found in therapeutically significant drugs and many new ones are in the pipeline. Triazole pharmacophore has replaced the widely used imidazole as systemically integral azole by connecting synchronicity with serendipity. Triazoles are penetratingly studied as diverse therapeutic agents, due to the improved efficacy and reduced side effects. The extensive anthology of work carried out in the last two decades on 1,2,4-triazole moiety will provide imminent scope for the development of novel potential drugs having better efficacy selectivity and reduced toxicity.
Advances in Microneedle-Based Approaches for Skin Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives
Abstract
Background:Psoriasis is a persistent skin condition for which only symptom management is currently available. Topical and systemic medicines, physical therapy, and other methods are all part of the standard treatment strategy. New medication delivery methods for psoriasis are urgently needed because of the present methods' shortcomings.
Objective:The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive description of microneedles as well as their development in the treatment of psoriasis and the clinical challenges associated with them.
Discussion:The microneedle (MNs) technology is better than other transdermal delivery methods because it has so many benefits, including low invasiveness, painlessness, simplicity, and enhanced patient compliance. Coated microneedles, hollow microneedles, dissolving microneedles, and solid microneedles are the four basic categories into which researchers have so far sorted the fast-expanding area of microneedles. Each of these kinds of microneedles offers its own unique advantages due to their unique properties and layout.
Conclusion:MNs may significantly improve transdermal medication penetration by mechanically opening skin micropores. Meanwhile, this method demonstrates distinct benefits over injection and oral delivery, such as painless application, the least amount of intrusion, the simplicity of self-administration, and avoiding the first-pass impact.
Safety and Efficacy of Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Artesunate in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
Abstract
Introduction:There is a need for better treatment options against COVID-19. This systematic review aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of imatinib and nilotinib, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), as well as artesunate (an anti-malarial agent), whose multilayer activ-ities against SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis have been suggested in laboratory and observational studies.
Methods:A comprehensive search strategy targeting relevant literature on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases was constructed. The retrieved records were reviewed and screened by title/abstract and full text with eligibility criteria, and the most pertinent articles were included in the final qualitative synthesis. This review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to ensure the reliability of the results.
Results:This systematic review assessed the safety and applicability of imatinib, nilotinib, and artesunate in COVID-19 patients. The results showed not only possible anti-COVID-19 effects but also acceptable safety for both generic users with comorbidities with COVID-19 and off-label use in other COVID-19 patients. Promising results were also reported enhancing the sur-vival of COVID-19 patients.
Conclusion:A double-blinded multicenter randomized controlled trial found survival benefits for imatinib with no significant treatment-related adverse events. However, no clinical trials or large observational studies exist for artesunate and nilotinib, and the evidence relies only on case reports and case series. Molecular mechanisms revealed in preclinical studies support the possible benefits of these medications in COVID-19 treatment. However, the scarcity of reliable evidence requires further studies on possible COVID-19 treatments, including but not limited to artesunate, nilotinib, and imatinib. Nevertheless, these drugs' lack of serious adverse events suggests their safe use for other indications during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methicillin, β-lactams, and Clindamycin Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Patients with UTI in Bechar Province (Algeria)
Abstract
Introduction:Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen responsible for many dis-eases. Multidrug resistance in S aureus has become common worldwide and is a serious clinical issue in the treatment and care of S. aureus-infected patients. S. aureus uropathogenic strains isolated from patients with UTI in Bechar province (Algeria) were phenotypically identified and evaluated for multiple drug resistance (MDR) patterns against recommended antimicrobial drugs.
Methods:Through selective media, the uropathogenic S. aureus strains were isolated by analyzing a total of 211 urine samples, then subjected to various biochemical identification tests. Multidrug resistance pattern (MRSA, MLSB, and β-lactamase production) among Staphylococcus aureus uropathogenic strains was performed using phenotypic tests.
Conclusion:This is an alarming rate, confirming the concern that is still being discussed within the medical teams of the national health sector as well as the Algerian antimicrobial resistance network, which requires prompt intervention to update a new strategy to fight antimicrobial re-sistance.
:A total of 50 S. aureus strains were isolated, i.e., 40,48% of all the isolated uropathogenic agents estimated at 126 isolates. More than 69% of the women had a urinary tract infection, i.e., a sex ratio (SR) of 0,43. The susceptibility test results showed that the isolated S. aureus strains were resistant to various antibiotics of the β-lactams class (penicillin, cefoxitin, and oxacillin) and were susceptible to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, vancomycin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Cefoxitin disk diffusion and agar screening tests showed that all the isolated S. aureus strains were qualified as MRSA at the rate of 100% (50/50), whereas a rate of 74% (37/50) was granted to MRSA using oxacillin disk diffusion test. The highest percentage of MDR-MRSA was observed in class three of antibiotics 12 (24%). The lowest percentage was observed in classes 8 and 9 of antibiotics 1 (2%). For MDR-MRSA, the MAR index ranged from 0,27 to 1,0.
Results::Penicillin disk diffusion (DD) and DDST (PI/PIT) tests showed a production rate of β-lactamase in the range of 94% and 80%, respectively. 85,1% (40/50) of penicillin-resistant strains were positive for DDST. Thus, the D-test among MRSA strains shows a rate of 38% (19/50) of cMLSB and no strain attributed to the iMLSB phenotype.
Fabrication of Eucalyptus Oil-loaded Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Topical Films for Enhanced Treatment of Post-Operative Wound Infection
Abstract
Background:The efficacious penetration of antimicrobials at infectious sites and the reduction of microbial resistance development are critical in controlling the effective treatment of post-operative wound infection.
Methods:To create the enhanced antimicrobial topical films, a solvent casting method for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CiproHCl) loaded eucalyptus oil (EO) containing low molecular weight chitosan films was used. Nine batches of CiproHCl with varying chitosan and glycerol concentrations were prepared and tested. Additionally, optimised CiproHCl films with EO were created and tested. The antimicrobial activity of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films against S. Aureus, E. Coli, and B. Subtilus was tested.
Results:The FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC analysis revealed no interaction between the drug and any of the other excipients, and the drug remained amorphous in chitosan film. The SEM analysis revealed that the prepared CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films had smooth surfaces and large agglomerates. In vitro drug release testing revealed that the EO-loaded films have a sustained release profile of up to 16 hours with a cumulative drug release of 96.83%. In an ex vivo drug permeation study, CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films demonstrated 2.44 times more permeation flux than CiproHCl-alone films. After six months, the stability study revealed that the CiproHCl-loaded EO-loaded EO-containing film showed no significant change in drug release profile or folding endurance.
Conclusion:This present study highlights the possible usage of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films in enhanced post-operative wound treatment.
Monkey Pox: Virology, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Approaches
Abstract
The monkeypox virus, which was historically common in West and Central Africa, is the source of the zoonotic disease known as monkeypox. Instances, however, have recently been confirmed in a few non-endemic nations outside of Africa. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO labeled the current monkeypox epidemic a public health emergency of global concern on July 23, 2022. The international society may be in jeopardy due to the rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases. Current epidemiological statistics indicate that the high frequency of transmission from person to person might result in additional epidemics, especially among guys who have sex with males. Despite certain therapeutic benefits of already prescribed pharmaceuticals, there is an urgent need for the creation of antiviral therapies and vaccinations to ward off the monkeypox virus. We offer pertinent information to help people understand the monkeypox virus and help medical professionals in stopping the spread of the monkeypox virus.