Formulation, Evaluation and Optimization of Antimicrobial Potential of Herbal Cream Containing Allium sativum, Moringa oleifera Extracts and Thymus vulgaris Oil


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Background:Herbal preparations can be formed by combining several plant classes. One possible explanation for the effectiveness of combined medications is that the various mixtures with different mechanisms may add up to produce a more comprehensive therapeutic effect.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the synergistic antibiotic potential of a cream containing three natural herbal extracts: Allium sativum, Moringa oleifera, and Thymus vulgaris. The efficacy of combining these plant extracts was compared to that of a standard antibiotic formulation (Polyfax).

Methods:The herbal cream was formulated by using aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), moringa (Moringa oleifera) and essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). The study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of these extracts against bacteria. P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. pneumonia are commonly found in fresh wounds.

Results:The results showed that garlic extract (5%) had the highest zone of inhibition, 14.26 ± 0.05 mm, and a combination of garlic (5%) and thyme (2%) exhibited a significant synergistic effect, with a 23.5 ± 0.05 mm zone of inhibition. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of allicin, quercetin and thymol as potential therapeutic phytoconstituents. The formulated herbal cream had a soft texture, was easily spreadable, and had better stability and absorption than the standard polyfax. The topical application of the cream did not cause any skin reaction or allergy in mice. The in vivo wound healing effect of the herbal cream was investigated on an abrasion model of albino mice, and the results showed that the treatment group (46 ± 16.31%) had significant wound healing potential compared to the standard (64 ± 17.49%) and control groups (18 ± 3.74%).

Conclusion:The formulated herbal cream was a better alternative to standard therapy, exhibiting promising healing and antimicrobial effects with significant compatibility and safety profile.

About the authors

Maliha Sheikh

Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Humaira Khan

Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Muhammad Khan

Institute of Microbiology,, University of Agriculture

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ali Sharif

Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Jalali, H.; Mozaffari Nejad, A.S.; Ebadi, A.G.; Laey, G. Ethnobotany and folk pharmaceutical properties of major trees or shrubs in north-east of Iran. Asian J. Chem., 2009, 21(7), 5632-5638.
  2. Nejad, A.S.M.; Bahmani, M.; Shah, N.A.; Shah, S.A.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Beliefs of herbal therapies of the community of the Ilam city of Ilam province. Iran. J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., 2018, 6(4), 299-317.
  3. Alawdi, S.H.; Shehab, M.; Al-Mekhlafi, A.G. Formulation of herbal gel preparations from medicinal plants and evaluation of their wound healing activities. Saudi J. Biomed. Res., 2019, 3214, 279-284.
  4. Moeini, A.; Pedram, P.; Makvandi, P.; Malinconico, M.; Gomez d’Ayala, G. Wound healing and antimicrobial effect of active secondary metabolites in chitosan-based wound dressings: A review. Carbohydr. Polym., 2020, 233, 115839. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115839 PMID: 32059889
  5. Slama, T.G.; Amin, A.; Brunton, S.A.; File, T.M., Jr; Milkovich, G.; Rodvold, K.A.; Sahm, D.F.; Varon, J.; Weiland, D. Jr A clinician’s guide to the appropriate and accurate use of antibiotics: The Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT) criteria. Am. J. Med., 2005, 118(7), 1-6.
  6. Ogwang, P.E.; Nyafuono, J.; Agwaya, M.; Omujal, F.; Tumusiime, H.R.; Kyakulaga, A.H. Preclinical efficacy and safety of herbal formulation for management of wounds. Afr. Health Sci., 2011, 11(3), 524-529. PMID: 22275949
  7. Fufa, B.K. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties of garlic extract (Allium sativum): A review. Microbiol. Res. J. Int., 2019, 28, 1-5. doi: 10.9734/mrji/2019/v28i330133
  8. Saxena, G.; Sadawarte, K.; Navinchandra, M.K. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on standard strains. J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci., 2018, 7(19), 2320-2322. doi: 10.14260/jemds/2018/523
  9. Rajendran, A.; Sureshkumar, S. Phytonutrients: Moringa oleifera leaf extracts anincredible health super food supplement. Pharm. Innov. J, 2019, 8, 29-33.
  10. Marino, M.; Bersani, C.; Comi, G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using a bioimpedometric method. J. Food Prot., 1999, 62(9), 1017-1023. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-62.9.1017 PMID: 10492476
  11. Alam, G.; Singh, M.P.; Singh, A. Wound healing potential of some medicinal plants. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2011, 9(1), 136-145.
  12. Nahrstedt, A.; Butterweck, V. Lessons learned from herbal medicinal products: the example of St. John’s Wort (perpendicular). J. Nat. Prod., 2010, 73(5), 1015-1021. doi: 10.1021/np1000329 PMID: 20408551
  13. Ncube, B.; Finnie, J.F.; Van Staden, J. In vitro antimicrobial synergism within plant extract combinations from three South African medicinal bulbs. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 139(1), 81-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.025 PMID: 22075455
  14. Rai, P.; Poudyl, A.P.; Das, S. Pharmaceutical Creams and their use in wound healing: A Review. J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 2019, 9(3-s), 907-912.
  15. Al-Astal, Z.Y. Effect of storage and temperature of aqueous garlic extract on the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. J. Al Azhar University-Gaza, 2003, 6(2), 11-20.
  16. Vinoth, B.; Manivasagaperumal, R.; Balamurugan, S. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Int J Res Biol Sci, 2012, 2(3), 98-102.
  17. Lonkala, S.; Reddy, A.R.N. Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple strains. Pharmacogn. J., 2019, 11(3), 600-602. doi: 10.5530/pj.2019.11.95
  18. Sidik, K.; Mahmood, A.; Salmah, I. Acceleration of wound healing by aqueous extract of Allium sativum in combination with honey on cutaneous wound healing in rats. Int. J. Mol. Med. Adv. Sci., 2006, 2, 231-235.
  19. Ali, A.; Akhtar, N.; Mumtaz, A.; Khan, M.; Iqbal, F.; Zaidi, S. In vivo skin irritation potential of a cream containing Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2013, 7(6), 289-293. doi: 10.5897/AJPP12.890
  20. Manou, I.; Bouillard, L.; Devleeschouwer, M.J.; Barel, A.O. Evaluation of the preservative properties of Thymus vulgaris essential oil in topically applied formulations under a challenge test. J. Appl. Microbiol., 1998, 84(3), 368-376. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00353.x PMID: 9721641
  21. Panah, K.G.; Hesaraki, S.; Farahpour, M.R. Histopathological evaluation of Thymus vulgaris on wound healing. Indian J. Fundam. Appl. Life Sci., 2014, 4(S4), 3538-3544.
  22. (a) Das, T.; Debnath, J.; Nath, B.; Dash, S. Formulation and evaluation of an herbal cream for wound healing activity. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 6(2), 693-697.; (b) Sheikh, K.A.; Baie, S.H.; Khan, G.M. Haruan (Channa striatus) incorporated palm-oil creams: Formulation and stability studies. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2005, 18(1), 1-5. PMID: 16431376
  23. Ravikumar, P.; Mallya, R. Development and evaluation of a polyherbal topical formulation. BioMedRx, 2013, 1(7), 637-640.
  24. Helman, R.; Hall, J.W.; Kao, J.Y. Acute dermal toxicity: In vivo and in vitro comparisons in mice*1, *2, *3. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 1986, 7(1), 94-100. doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(86)90201-0 PMID: 3732676
  25. Fahimi, S.; Abdollahi, M.; Mortazavi, S.A.; Hajimehdipoor, H.; Abdolghaffari, A.H.; Rezvanfar, M.A. Wound healing activity of a traditionally used poly herbal product in a burn wound model in rats. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2015, 17(9), e19960. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.19960 PMID: 26473072
  26. Ahsan, A.; Miana, G.; Naureen, H.; Rehman, A. Extraction, phytochemical screening and wound healing activity of herbal formulation of Saussurea lappa: Wound healing and anti-bacterial activity of saussurea lappa. Proceed. Pakistan Acad. Sci.: B. Life Environ. Sci., 2019, 56(3), 83-96.
  27. Ramesh, C.J. Antimicrobial, phytochemical and quantitative HPLC analysis of Moringa oleifera root. Int. J. Sci., 2018, 25-28.
  28. Shekarchi, M.; Khanavi, M.; Adib, N.; Amri, M.; Hajimehdipoor, H. A validated high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of thymol and carvacrol in Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil. Pharmacogn. Mag., 2010, 6(23), 154-158. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.66927 PMID: 20931071
  29. Militz, T.A.; Southgate, P.C.; Carton, A.G.; Hutson, K.S. Dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) to prevent monogenean infection in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 2013, 408-409, 95-99. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.05.027
  30. Thakare, V.M.; Chaudhari, R.; Patil, V. Wound healing evaluation of some herbal formulations containing Curcuma longa and Cynodon dactylon extract. Int. J. Phytomed., 2011, 3(3), 325-332.
  31. Maiara, M.; Teixeira, A.; Moreira, F.D.C.; Medeiros, A.C. Wound healing of diabetic rats treated with Moringa oleifera extract. Acta Cir. Bras., 2018, 33(9), 799-805.
  32. Nazir, I.; Chauhan, R.S. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 2019, 7(1), 545-547.
  33. Essien, U.; Odineze, O.; Sheyin, Z.; Ede, F.; Vem, T. Antibacterial activity of different concentrations of garlic (allium sativum) extract on some bacteria isolated from clinical. 2017.
  34. Quynh, C.T.T.; Trang, V.T. Volatile composition, antioxidant property and antimicrobial activities against food-borne bacteria of Vietnamese thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil. Vietnam J. Sci. Technol., 2019, 57(3B), 127-136. doi: 10.15625/2525-2518/57/3B/14494
  35. Goswami, S.K.; Manoj Kumar, P.; Jamwal, R.; Dethe, S.; Agarwal, A.; Mohammed Naseeruddin, I. Screening for Rho-kinase 2 inhibitory potential of Indian medicinal plants used in management of erectile dysfunction. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 144(3), 483-489. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.045 PMID: 23043981
  36. Silva, A.C.; Santos, D.; Ferreira, D.C.; Souto, E.B. Minoxidilloaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC): Characterization and rheological behaviour of topical formulations. Pharmazie, 2009, 64(3), 177-182. PMID: 19348340
  37. Csóka, I.; Bozsik, E.; Erős, I.; Paál, T.L. Regulatory aspects of semisolid dosage form design. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2007, 32(1), S9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.019
  38. Gilmour, S.G. Response surface designs for experiments in bioprocessing. Biometrics, 2006, 62(2), 323-331. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00444.x PMID: 16918896
  39. Teófilo, R.F.; Ferreira, M.M.C.; Chemometrics, I.I. Spreadsheets for experimental design calculations, a tutorial. Quim. Nova, 2006, 29(2), 338-350. doi: 10.1590/S0100-40422006000200026

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers