Periodontitis Continuum: Antecedents, Triggers, Mediators, and Treatment Strategies


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Abstract

:Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium characterized by the formation of gingival pockets and gingival recession. The local inflammatory environment can lead to the destruction of the extracellular matrix and subsequent bone loss. The pathophysiology of PD involves interactions between genetic predisposition, lifestyle, environmental factors, the oral microbiota condition, systemic health disorders, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various host defenses. The review highlighted the importance of the oral cavity condition in systemic health. Thus, a correlation between harmful oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease (CVD)/diabetes/ arthritis, etc, progressions through inflammation and bacterial translocation was highlighted. Antecedents increase an individual's risk of developing PD, trigger initiate microbe-host immunologic responses, and mediators sustain inflammatory interactions. Generally, this review explores the antecedents, triggers, and mediators along the pathophysiological continuum of PD. An analysis of modern approaches to treating periodontitis, including antibiotics for systemic and local use, was carried out. The potential role of natural ingredients such as herbal extracts, phytoconstituents, propolis, and probiotics in preventing and treating PD was highlighted.

About the authors

Asma Gasmi Benahmed

Intregative Dentistry, Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Torsak Tippairote

Department of Research, HP Medical Centre

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Amin Gasmi

, Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Sadaf Noor

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Oleksandr Avdeev

Dentistry Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Yurii Shanaida

Pediatric Dentistry Department,, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Naheed Mojgani

Biotechnology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute,, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Alireza Emadali

School of Dentistry Medicine, Ahvaz Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Maryam Dadar

Department of Research, CONEM Iran Microbiology Research Group,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Geir Bjørklund

, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM),

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

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