Application of plasma and ion beam technologies for the production of coatings on pacemaker electrodes

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Abstract

Electrochemical characteristics of cathodes of pacemakers with TiN, Pt and Ir coatings, as well as cathodes with TiN coating implanted with Pt and Ir ions were studied. The best results were obtained by cathodes with Pt and Ir coatings. Ion implantation improves TiN coating, and brings its characteristics closer to those of Pt and Ir coatings.

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About the authors

O. I. Obrezkov

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Email: mifst04nmy@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098

V. A. Bazylev

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Email: mifst04nmy@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098

Yu. V. Martynenko

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute)

Email: mifst04nmy@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098; Moscow, 115409

M. Y. Nagel

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Author for correspondence.
Email: mifst04nmy@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098

References

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  2. Schaldach M. Electrotherapy of the heart: technical aspects in cardiac pacing. Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 1992. 253 p.
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  8. ГОСТ 31582–2012. Электроды для электрокардиостимуляторов имплантируемые. Технические требования и методы испытаний.
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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Location of the pacemaker (left) and view of the implanted electrode (right).

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3. Fig. 2. Cardiac stimulation pulse shape.

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4. Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the double electric layer.

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5. Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of charge transfer through the DES. Rpl is the resistance of the external circuit, Rф(t) is the Faraday resistance, СГ(t) is the Helmholtz capacitance.

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6. Fig. 5. Scheme of the “Micromed” installation.

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7. Fig. 6. Surface of titanium nitride coating, the top layer of which was deposited at a temperature of 180°C and a gas pressure of 1.24 Pa. a – top view of the coating, b – side view

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8. Fig. 7. Electrochemical measurement scheme. 1 – sample (cathode), 2 – saline solution (NaCl 0.9%), 3 – anode.

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9. Fig. 8. Amplitude (a) and phase (b) frequency characteristics of an electrode with a platinum coating.

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10. Fig. 9. Voltage supplied to the electrode (lower curve) and current in the circuit (upper) depending on time (horizontal cell – 0.1 ms, vertical cell for voltage 0.3 V, for current 0.5 mA).

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11. Fig. 10. Dependence of the DEL capacitance on time for a 1 V pulse of 0.5 ms duration. The thick dark curve corresponds to the DEL charging process, the dotted curve to the discharging process, approximation of the I(t) dependence by polynomials. The thin solid curve: approximation of I(t) by exponential dependencies. The thick light curve: the error in determining C is less than 25%, regardless of the Faraday resistance value.

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12. Fig. 11. Dependence of the Faraday current If on the voltage in the DES for a 0.5 ms pulse with an amplitude of 1 V for a cathode with a platinum coating.

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13. Fig. 12. Dependence of voltage in the DES on time for pulses of different duration with an amplitude of 1 V.

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14. Fig. 13. Polarization of the DEL in relation to the harmonic voltage depending on the frequency f for samples with coatings: 1 – Ir(3), 2 – TiN+Pl*+Ir*, 3 – TiN+Au*, 4 – Ir(1.5), 5 – Pt, 6 – Ti N.

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