Biomorphology of the genus Phlomoides (Lamiaceae) species: search for new diagnostic characters for taxonomy of the genus

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Abstract

To search for new biomorphological characters significant for taxonomy, the morphogenesis of Phlomoides agraria, P. tuberosa, P. tuvinica (subsect. Phlomoides), and P. alpina, P. oreophila, P. pratensis (subsect. Alpinae) was analyzed, as well as herbarium specimens of other species of the genus Phlomoides from different subsections. Manifestations of recapitulation by phyllotaxis in some representatives of the genus were considered and analyzed, and one of possible directions of somatic evolution within the genus was determined on this basis.

During a comparative analysis of the morphogenesis of the above-mentioned species, biomorphological differences were revealed between closely related species: P. agraria, P. tuberosa (subsect. Phlomoides) and P. alpina, P. oreophila (subsect. Alpinae). We have established that these species, confined to certain vegetation zones, are characterized by the constancy of their life form. As an additional diagnostic feature, the structure of the underground part of the plants is proposed to use: P. agraria forms a long rhizome, P. tuberosa – a short one; P. oreophila – a caudex, and P. alpina – a short rhizome.

A relationship was established between the shoot formation model, the peculiarities of the location of generative shoots on skeletal shoots and the belonging of the species to one of the clades identified in the course of molecular genetic studies, which indicates the prospects for using these characteristics in the taxonomy of the genus Phlomoides.

Recapitulation by alternate phyllotaxis is described at the beginning of ontogenesis in P. agraria and P. tuberosa, both following the sympodial model of shoot formation. In monopodially growing plants of P. alpina, P. oreophila and P. pratensis, it is completely absent. It was found that P. tuvinica plants, which follow the monopodial model of shoot formation, retain alternate phyllotaxis on skeletal rosette shoots and opposite decussate phyllotaxis on axillary generative shoots throughout their ontogenesis. The presence of two phyllotaxis variants in P. tuvinica individuals suggests that this species is closest to the ancestral type, i. e. a non-durable semi-rosette monocarpic plant. It is assumed that somatic evolution proceeded from a non-durable monocarpic plant with a semi-rosette shoot to a perennial polycarpic plant through both monopodial and sympodial growth patterns of shoot structures. With monopodial growth of a plant, the shoot structure changes from the original semi-rosette to rosette, while in the case of sympodial growth of a plant, the semi-rosette structure of the shoot is retained.

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About the authors

E. K. Komarevtseva

Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: elizavetakomarevceva@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Zolotodolinskaya Str., 101, Novosibirsk, 630090

V. A. Cheryomushkina

Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS

Email: cher.51@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Zolotodolinskaya Str., 101, Novosibirsk, 630090

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2. Fig. 1. Structure of Phlomoides tuberosa (A), P. agraria (B) and P. tuvinica (C) individuals. Legend: 1 – remnant of generative shoot; 2 – remnant of vegetative shoot; 3 – green leaf; 4 – dead green leaf; 5 – scale-like leaf; 6 – open spike-like thyrsus; 7 – vegetative bud; 8 – vegetative-generative bud in the process of maturation; 9 – mature vegetative-generative bud; 10 – short metameres; 11 – apical bud of shoot; 12 – long metameres; 13 – soil level.

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3. Fig. 2. Development of hypogeogenic plag

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4. Fig. 3. Structure of individuals of Phlomoides oreophila (A), P. pratensis (B) and P. alpina (C). Legend: 14 – dead vegetative-generative bud, see Fig. 1 for the other symbols.

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5. Fig. 4. Phlomoides phylogeny inferred using a Bayesian method based on the combined plastid dataset (after: Zhao et al., 2024). Clades containing species from P. subsect. Phlomoides and P. subsect. Alpinae are highlighted in red.

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6. Fig. 5. Part of the cladogram (after: Zhao et al., 2024). Legend: III, IV, V – clade numbers.

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