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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">701247</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID701247</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JSLIDM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antibacterial activity of pentosan polysulfate sodium against uropathogenic bacteria</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антибактериальная активность пентозана полисульфата натрия в отношении уропатогенных микроoрганизмов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-3250</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4863-4001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraeva</surname><given-names>Liudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краева</surname><given-names>Людмила Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>lykraeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8160-6323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Елена Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elenasmirno@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-0799</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1650-0831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokmalaev</surname><given-names>Anatoly K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токмалаев</surname><given-names>Анатолий Карпович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>tokmalaev39@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4911-6018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9602-7775</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slesarevskaya</surname><given-names>Margarita N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слесаревская</surname><given-names>Маргарита Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>mns-1971@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7724-7832</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2684-4070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>Игорь Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>kuzminigor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в городе Санкт-Петербурге и Ленинградской области</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-18"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-05"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/701247">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/701247</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>The primary causative agents of lower urinary tract infections are <italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, and <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>. In recent years, these bacteria have demonstrated high levels of antibiotic resistance. The barrier function of the bladder mucosal epithelium is largely determined by the glycosaminoglycan layer, which protects the bladder wall from infectious agents. Disruption of this layer leads to inflammation, which may progress to painful bladder syndrome or cystitis. Pentosan polysulfate sodium is a semisynthetic glycosaminoglycan that is chemically and structurally similar to naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans. It restores the damaged urothelial layer and prevents contact between the bladder mucosal epithelium and various aggressive substances dissolved in urine.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This work aimed to investigate the <italic>in vitro</italic> antibacterial, antiadhesive, and antibiofilm activities of pentosan polysulfate sodium.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Classical bacteriological methods, mass spectrometry, microscopy, an experimental adhesion model using buccal epithelial cells, and statistical data analysis were used. Study material was obtained from women aged 18 years and older with a history of cystitis lasting at least three years during disease exacerbation.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The antibacterial effect of pentosan polysulfate sodium during co-cultivation with the main pathogens of lower urinary tract infections persisted for up to 15 hours. The mechanism of antibacterial action was associated with the ability of pentosan polysulfate sodium to inhibit bacterial adhesion to the urothelium. The most pronounced antiadhesive effect was observed against <italic>E. faecalis</italic>: in the presence of pentosan polysulfate sodium, there was a 3.7-fold decrease in the number of bacteria adhered to buccal epithelial cells. The adhesion index decreased by 3.3-fold for <italic>E. coli</italic> and 2.6-fold for <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>. Pentosan polysulfate sodium also demonstrated antibiofilm properties, reducing the density of biofilms formed by <italic>E. coli </italic>by 1.7-fold, <italic>E. faecalis</italic> by 1.6-fold, and <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> by 1.2-fold. These findings confirm the potential of pentosan polysulfate sodium to enhance the effectiveness of therapy for lower urinary tract infections, particularly those associated with microbial biofilms.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This <italic>in vitro</italic> study made it possible to identify and quantitatively assess the antibacterial, antiadhesive, and antibiofilm activities of pentosan polysulfate sodium against uropathogenic microorganisms isolated from the urine of patients with recurrent lower urinary tract infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Основными возбудителями инфекций нижних мочевыводящих путей являются <italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis</italic>. В последнее время эти микроорганизмы демонстрируют высокую устойчивость к антибиотикам. Барьерные функции слизистого эпителия мочевого пузыря во многом определяются гликозаминогликановым слоем, который защищает стенки органа от инфекционных агентов. Разрушение этого слоя приводит к воспалению, способному перерасти в синдром болезненного мочевого пузыря или в цистит. Пентозана полисульфат натрия (ППH) — полусинтетический гликозаминогликан, имеющий химическое и структурное сходство с гликозаминогликаном природного происхождения. Он восстанавливает повреждённый слой уротелия и препятствует контакту эпителия слизистой оболочки мочевого пузыря с различными агрессивными веществами, растворёнными в моче.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Изучить<italic> in vitro</italic> антибактериальную, антиадгезивную и антибиоплёночную активности пентозана полисульфата натрия.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В работе использовали классический бактериологический метод, масс-спектрометрию, микроскопию, экспериментальную модель адгезии на клетках буккального эпителия, статистический анализ данных. Материал для исследования отбирали у женщин в возрасте 18–75 лет с длительностью течения цистита не менее трёх лет в стадии обострения заболевания.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Антибактериальное действие ППН при совместном культивировании с основными возбудителями инфекций нижних мочевыводящих путей сохранялось в течение 15 ч. Механизм антибактериального действия связан со способностью ППН препятствовать адгезии бактерий к уротелию. Наибольший антиадгезивный эффект наблюдали в отношении <italic>E. faecalis</italic>: в присутствии ППН количество бактерий, прикреплённых к клеткам буккального эпителия, уменьшилось в 3,7 раза. В отношении <italic>E. coli </italic>индекс адгезии снизился в 3,3 раза, а в отношении <italic>K. pneumoniae </italic>— в 2,6 раза. ППН продемонстрировал также антибиоплёночные свойства, понижая плотность биоплёнки, сформированной <italic>E. coli</italic>, в 1,7 раза; <italic>E. faecalis</italic> — в 1,6 раза; <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> — в 1,2 раза. Таким образом, полученные результаты подтверждают потенциал применения ППН для повышения эффективности терапии инфекций нижних мочевыводящих путей, особенно ассоциированных с микробной биоплёнкой.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Проведённое <italic>in vitro</italic> исследование позволило установить и количественно оценить выраженность антибактериального, антиадгезивного и антибиоплёночного действия ППН в отношении уропатогенных микроорганизмов, выделенных из мочи пациентов с рецидивирующими инфекциями нижних мочевыводящих путей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lower urinary tract infections</kwd><kwd>pentosan polysulfate sodium</kwd><kwd>antibacterial activity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекции нижних мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>пентозана полисульфат натрия</kwd><kwd>антибактериальная активность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Slesarevskaya MN, Ignashov YuA, Kuzmin IV, Al-Shukri SKh. 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