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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696252</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID696252</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GOXOIO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>In vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> modeling of <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic> biofilms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование биоплёнок холерных вибрионов в условиях <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-841X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5695-2103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>Светлана Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>titova_sv@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4336-0439</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4672-9310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodopyanov</surname><given-names>Sergei O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водопьянов</surname><given-names>Сергей Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>serge100v@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6003-4283</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6367-4404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Menshikova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меньшикова</surname><given-names>Елена Аркадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>menshikova_ea@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-4705</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7920-3340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Selyanskaya</surname><given-names>Nadezhda A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селянская</surname><given-names>Надежда Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>selyanskaya_na@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Plague Control</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский-на-Дону научно-исследовательский противочумный институт Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-27"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/696252">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/696252</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Studies of water bodies in India and Bangladesh have shown that removal of large particles from water reduces the incidence of cholera. Detection of aggregated communities of <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic> (biofilms) provided evidence of their role in cholera epidemiology and stimulated investigation of biofilm forms. Summarizing available data in this field is particularly relevant because there are no unified methods for assessing biofilm formation and quantitatively determining the microorganisms comprising biofilms. The work aimed to evaluate methodological approaches to investigating biofilm formation by <italic>V. cholerae</italic>, focusing on their detection and reproducibility in laboratories of different levels.</p> <p>Models (<italic>in vitro</italic>, <italic>in vivo</italic>, and microcosm), as well as methods for biofilm detection, were analyzed. Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, the Russian Science Citation Index, and other sources were used to prepare the review. Data were searched using the following keywords: <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>, <italic>биоплёнка</italic> (biofilm), <italic>методы</italic> (methods), <italic>микроскопия</italic> (microscopy), <italic>микрокосмы</italic> (microcosms), <italic>молекулярно-генетические</italic> (molecular genetic). The review included 63 original articles, 3 review articles, and 1 monograph.</p> <p>The review summarizes current concepts regarding the process of <italic>V. cholerae</italic> biofilm formation. Methods for modeling on abiotic and biotic substrates, including field conditions, approaches to biofilm detection, and the use of <italic>in vivo</italic> methods to assess infectivity of biofilm cultures, are described. Particular attention is paid to the role of molecular genetic methods. According to the published data, the most effective strategy for studying biofilm formation is an integrated approach combining microbiologic, microscopic, and molecular genetic methods. The review also addresses current challenges and promising research directions in this field.</p> <p>The analysis of current issues and research prospects in <italic>V. cholerae</italic> biofilms, including recent molecular genetic methods, demonstrates that investigation of biofilms formed by vibrios using a range of methods will allow deeper understanding of the general principles of bacterial coexistence in communities. This, in turn, will contribute to more effective strategies for combating infections, including cholera.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследования водоёмов Индии и Бангладеш показали, что удаление из воды крупных частиц снижает заболеваемость холерой. Обнаружение агрегированных сообществ холерных вибрионов (биоплёнок) стало доказательством их роли в эпидемиологии холеры и стимулировало изучение биоплёночных форм. Суммирование имеющихся сведений в этой области особенно актуально, поскольку отсутствуют унифицированные методы, которые регистрируют образование биоплёнки и позволяют количественно определить входящие в её состав микроорганизмы. Цель работы заключалась в оценке методологических подходов к изучению биоплёнкообразования холерных вибрионов, направленных на их детекцию и воспроизводимость в лабораториях разного уровня.</p> <p>В работе проанализировали модели (<italic>in vitro</italic>, <italic>in vivo</italic>, микрокосм), а также методы индикации биоплёнок. Для подготовки литературного обзора использовали базы данных Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Российский индекс научного цитирования и другие источники. Поиск данных проводили по следующим ключевым словам: <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>, биоплёнка, методы, микроскопия, микрокосмы, молекулярно-генетические. В обзор вошли 63 оригинальные, 3 обзорные статьи и одна монография.</p> <p>Обзор обобщает современные представления о процессе образования биоплёнок <italic>V. cholerae</italic>. В нём рассмотрены методы моделирования на абиотических и биотических субстратах, включая полевые условия, способы детекции биоплёнок, а также использование методов<italic> in vivo</italic> для оценки инфекционности биоплёночных культур. Отдельное внимание уделено роли молекулярно-генетических методов. Согласно литературным данным, наиболее эффективным является комплексный подход к изучению биоплёнкообразования, который сочетает использование микробиологических, микроскопических и молекулярно-генетических методов. В обзоре также рассмотрены проблемы и перспективные направления исследований в этой области.</p> <p>Проведённый анализ актуальных вопросов и перспектив исследований биоплёнок <italic>V. cholerae</italic>, включая новейшие молекулярно-генетические методы, показывает, что изучение биоплёнок, формируемых вибрионами, с использованием спектра методов позволит глубже понять общие принципы сосуществования бактерий в сообществах. Это, в свою очередь, будет способствовать усовершенствованию стратегий борьбы с инфекциями, в том числе с холерой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae</kwd><kwd>biofilms</kwd><kwd>microscopy</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic techniques</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae</kwd><kwd>биоплёнки микроорганизмов</kwd><kwd>микроскопия</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетический анализ</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Colwell RR, Huq A, Islam MS, Aziz KMA. Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(3):1051–1055. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0237386100 EDN: GOMOKN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Watnick PI, Kolter R. Steps in the development of a Vibrio cholerae El Tor biofilm. 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