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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679015</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID679015</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FEYXCL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Role of extracellular vesicles in chronic opisthorchiasis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль внеклеточных везикул при хроническом описторхозе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9413-3216</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3345-9251</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Maria E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Мария Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ivanova.akcomd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8320-3468</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7917-7849</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karbysheva</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карбышева</surname><given-names>Нина Валентиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>nvk80@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-5484</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8464-9030</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Momot</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Момот</surname><given-names>Андрей Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>xyzan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-9310</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5396-5198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonorova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонорова</surname><given-names>Марина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>ma.nikulina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-1019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5033-5574</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Beskhlebova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бесхлебова</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>olg.deriglazova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-6117</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6231-4604</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudinov</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудинов</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kudinovalexej@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-3024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4032-8818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiushkina</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киушкина</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>i.kiushkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Altai State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Алтайский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Hematology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>179</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-01-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/679015">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/679015</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The polymorphism of chronic opisthorchiasis is associated with cardiovascular symptoms and lipid disorders. Therefore, highly sensitive markers of cardiovascular events are required. This work is the first to evaluate the role of extracellular vesicles in this invasion.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to evaluate the blood levels of extracellular vesicles and their potential association with symptoms of cardiovascular disorders and lipid profile in patients with chronic opisthorchiasis.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study group included 63 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis aged 18 to 55 years. The control group included 31 healthy volunteers. Using flow cytometry, we quantified microvesicles derived from platelets (CD41<sup>+</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>), endothelial cells (CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>), and leukocytes (CD45<sup>+</sup>), and vesicles expressing the inflammatory marker CD54 (ICAM-1).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The study group demonstrated an increase in the following extracellular vesicle counts: CD41<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.035), CD31<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.033), CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.033), and CD45<sup>+</sup> (panleukocyte-derived, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0411). The counts of platelet-derived and endothelial-derived vesicles (<italic>p</italic> = 0.033 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.026), respectively) and CD54<sup>+</sup>-positive leukocyte-derived vesicles (<italic>p</italic> = 0.017) were increased. The results showed an increase in CD9<sup>+</sup>-positive endothelial-derived vesicles: 46.2% in the study group and 23.3% in the control group. Differences in levels of extracellular vesicles in all study fractions (CD41<sup>+</sup>, CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD54<sup>+</sup>, CD45<sup>+</sup>, CD41<sup>+</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD45<sup>+</sup>CD54<sup>+</sup>, CD9<sup>+</sup>CD41<sup>+</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD9<sup>+</sup>CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, СD9<sup>+</sup>CD45<sup>+</sup>) were predictive for patients with hypersympathicotonia. A positive correlation was found between heart rate and the inflammatory markers CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>r</italic> = 0.435, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) and CD45<sup>+</sup>CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>r</italic> = 0.403, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), and between the atherogenicity index and endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles (CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, <italic>r</italic> = 0.613, <italic>p</italic> = 0.047).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Microvesicles serve as potential highly sensitive markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in chronic opisthorchiasis. The correlation revealed between the counts of inflammatory and endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles, heart rate, and the atherogenicity index indicates an association between these levels and cardiovascular markers. Therefore, vesicle levels can serve as a new marker of cardiovascular risk, comparable to routine clinical tests.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Полиморфизм хронического описторхоза с кардиоваскулярной симптоматикой и нарушениями липидного профиля определяет поиск высокочувствительных маркёров риска кардиоваскулярных событий. В данной работе впервые описана оценка роли внеклеточных везикул при данной инвазии.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Проанализировать содержание внеклеточных везикул в крови и их возможную связь с проявлениями кардиоваскулярных нарушений и показателями липидного обмена у больных хроническим описторхозом.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Основную группу исследования составили 63 пациента хроническим описторхозом в возрасте от 18 до 55 лет. В контрольную группу включили 31 здорового человека. Методом проточной цитофлуориметрии провели количественный анализ микровезикул: тромбоцитарного (CD41<sup>+</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>), эндотелиального (CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>) и лейкоцитарного (CD45<sup>+</sup>) происхождения, а также везикул, содержащих маркёр воспаления CD54 (ICAM-1).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В основной группе выявили увеличение числа внеклеточных везикул CD41<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic>=0,035), CD31<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic>=0,033), CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic>=0,033) и CD45<sup>+</sup> (панлейкоцитарные, <italic>p</italic>=0,0411). Установили повышение внеклеточных везикул тромбоцитарного и эндотелиального происхождения (<italic>p</italic>=0,033 и <italic>p</italic>=0,026) и лейкоцитарных везикул с маркёром воспаления CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>p</italic>=0,017). Результаты показали увеличение эндотелиальных везикул с маркёром CD9<sup>+</sup> (46,2% и 23,3% в основной и контрольной группах соответственно). Прогностически значимыми обнаружили различия в содержании внеклеточных везикул во всех изучаемых фракциях (CD41<sup>+</sup>, CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD54<sup>+</sup>, CD45<sup>+</sup>, CD41<sup>+</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD45<sup>+</sup>CD54<sup>+</sup>, CD9<sup>+</sup>CD41<sup>+</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD9<sup>+</sup>CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, СD9<sup>+</sup>CD45<sup>+</sup>) у больных с преобладанием гипер- и симпатического вегетативного тонуса. Установили положительную корреляцию между частотой сердечных сокращений и маркёрами воспаления CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>r</italic>=0,435, <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05) и CD45<sup>+</sup>CD54<sup>+</sup> (<italic>r</italic>=0,403, <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05), а также между индексом атерогенности и внеклеточными везикулами эндотелиального происхождения (CD31<sup>+</sup>, CD41<sup>–</sup>CD31<sup>+</sup>, <italic>r</italic>=0,613, <italic>p</italic>=0,047).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Результаты позволяют рассматривать микровезикулы в качестве потенциальных высокочувствительных маркёров развития воспалительного процесса и эндотелиальной дисфункции при хроническом описторхозе. Выявленная корреляция количества внеклеточных везикул воспалительного и эндотелиального происхождения с частотой сердечных сокращений и индексом атерогенности позволяет соотнести их содержание с маркёрами кардиоваскулярных нарушений. Это позволяет использовать концентрацию везикул в качестве нового показателя сердечно-сосудистого риска, сопоставимого с рутинными клиническими тестами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>opisthorchiasis</kwd><kwd>extracellular vesicles</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>описторхоз</kwd><kwd>внеклеточные везикулы</kwd><kwd>кардиоваскулярные нарушения</kwd><kwd>эндотелиальная дисфункция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>056-03-2021-002</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kuzneczova VG, Krasnova EI, Paturina NG. 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