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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID678639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DKPKPH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from the lower respiratory tract in patients with community-acquired pneumonia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ антибиотикорезистентности изолятов бактерий, выделенных из нижних дыхательных путей у пациентов с внебольничными пневмониями</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-0012</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4881-5607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khakimov</surname><given-names>Niyaz M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хакимов</surname><given-names>Нияз Маратович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>hakimniaz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4482-6050</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5262-1969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokotkova</surname><given-names>Alla I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локоткова</surname><given-names>Алла Ильинична</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>allalok12@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-3769</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4540-0181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Latypova</surname><given-names>Lyasan F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латыпова</surname><given-names>Лейсан Фаниловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lyasan1979@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No. 12, Kazan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 12, Казань</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/678639">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/678639</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Community-acquired pneumonia retains high socioeconomic and epidemiologic significance. Investigation of its etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns is of substantial practical importance, particularly in the context of the global epidemiologic threat associated with COVID-19.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to study the etiologic structure and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of patients with community-acquired pneumonia.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This was a single-center, retrospective, uncontrolled study. Medical records of patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia who were hospitalized in the Pulmonology Department of Kazan City Clinical Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021 were analyzed. Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from patients’ sputum to 19 antimicrobial agents was determined using the disk diffusion method.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A total of 282 medical records of patients aged 18–94 years were analyzed. Bacteria and their associations were isolated in 245 patients (86.9% ± 2.01%). In nearly half of the cases (47.9% ± 4.4%), sputum cultures contained <italic>Candida albicans</italic>, both as a monoculture and in association with bacterial flora. <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic> was isolated from the sputum of every fifth patient (20.2% ± 5.4%), and <italic>Streptococcus pneumonia</italic> from every sixth patient (14.2% ± 5.6%). The detection rate of <italic>C. albicans</italic> was significantly higher than that of other isolates (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of <italic>Candida albicans</italic> increased 1.36-fold in 2020 and 1.84-fold in 2021 compared with 2019. Before the pandemic, gram-positive bacteria predominated in the etiologic structure; however, beginning in 2020, a trend toward an increased proportion of gram-negative microflora was observed. The proportion of gram-negative bacteria increased from 7.14% ± 11.5% to 38.46% ± 21.8%, both in association with fungi and in monoculture. This increase was attributable to <italic>Enterobacter agglomerans</italic> and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>.</p> <p>Analysis of the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated clinical strains demonstrated that a high level of resistance was predominantly characteristic of Gram-negative microorganisms, including <italic>Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae</italic>, and <italic>E. agglomerans</italic>. In contrast, Gram-positive pathogens showed high susceptibility to β-lactams, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The severity of community-acquired pneumonia caused by bacterial associations did not differ from that observed in monoinfection (<italic>p</italic> &gt; 0.05).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The COVID-19 pandemic substantially affected the etiologic structure of pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia, increasing the role of Gram-negative bacteria and their associations with fungi. Among the identified Gram-negative pathogens, multidrug-resistant isolates predominated. The findings underscore the need for further microbiologic investigations and regular updates of clinical guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, taking into account the principles of rational antibiotic therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Внебольничная пневмония сохраняет высокую социально-экономическую и эпидемиологическую значимость. Изучение этиологии и антибиотикорезистентности её возбудителей имеет важное практическое значение, особенно в условиях глобальной эпидемиологической угрозы, связанной с COVID-19.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Изучить этиологическую структуру и антибиотикорезистентность микроорганизмов, выделенных из нижних дыхательных путей пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено одноцентровое ретроспективное выборочное неконтролируемое исследование. Проанализированы истории болезни пациентов с диагнозом «Внебольничная пневмония», госпитализированных в пульмонологическое отделение Городской клинической больницы Казани с января 2018 по декабрь 2021 года. Чувствительность микроорганизмов, выделенных из мокроты пациентов, к 19 антимикробным препаратам определяли диско-диффузионным методом.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Проанализировано 282 истории болезни пациентов в возрасте от 18 до 94 лет. У 245 пациентов (86,9±2,01%) выделяли микроорганизмы и их ассоциации. Почти в половине случаев (47,9±4,4%) в посевах присутствовали грибы <italic>Candida albicans</italic>, как в монокультуре, так и в ассоциациях с бактериальной флорой. Из мокроты каждого пятого пациента выделили <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes </italic>(20,2±5,4%), каждого шестого — <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> (14,2±5,6%). Частота выявления <italic>C. albicans</italic> значимо превосходила частоту встречаемости остальных изолятов (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). В период пандемии COVID-19 доля грибов <italic>C. albicans</italic> возросла в 1,36 раза в 2020 году и в 1,84 раза в 2021 году по сравнению с 2019 годом. До эпидемии в этиологической структуре преобладали грамположительные бактерии, однако с 2020 года наблюдали тенденцию к росту доли грамотрицательной микрофлоры. Их доля в этиологической структуре увеличилась с 7,14±11,5% до 38,46±21,8%, как в ассоциациях с грибами, так и в монокультуре. Рост происходил за счёт <italic>Enterobacter agglomerans</italic> и <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>.</p> <p>Анализ устойчивости выделенных клинических изолятов к антимикробным препаратам показал, что высокий уровень резистентности характерен преимущественно для грамотрицательных микроорганизмов, включая <italic>Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae</italic> и <italic>E. agglomerans</italic>. Грамположительные патогены, напротив, продемонстрировали высокую чувствительность к бета-лактамам, макролидам и ко-тримоксазолу. Тяжесть течения внебольничной пневмонии, вызванной ассоциациями бактерий, не отличалась от таковой при моноинфекции (<italic>p</italic> &gt;0,05).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Пандемия COVID-19 существенно повлияла на этиологическую структуру возбудителей внебольничных пневмоний, увеличив роль грамотрицательных бактерий и их ассоциаций с грибами. Среди выявленных грамотрицательных патогенов преобладали полирезистентные изоляты. Полученные результаты подчёркивают необходимость дальнейшего проведения микробиологических исследований и регулярного обновления клинических рекомендаций по лечению внебольничной пневмонии с учётом принципов рациональной антибиотикотерапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>community-acquired pneumonia</kwd><kwd>microbiological monitoring</kwd><kwd>drug resistance, microbial</kwd><kwd>Candida albicans</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pyogenes</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>sputum</kwd><kwd>COVID-19 pandemic</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внебольничная пневмония</kwd><kwd>микробиологический мониторинг</kwd><kwd>резистентность к антибиотикам</kwd><kwd>Candida albicans</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pyogenes</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>мокрота</kwd><kwd>пандемия COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tsareva AY. 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