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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID678362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UQRNJV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Identification of markers for the major pathogenicity factors of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выявление маркёров основных факторов патогенности возбудителя при хеликобактерной инфекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2722-1335</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3921-7227</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belaia</surname><given-names>Olga F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белая</surname><given-names>Ольга Федоровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>ofbelaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-2929</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2711-5397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gutkin</surname><given-names>Denis S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуткин</surname><given-names>Денис Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>daniilgutkin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9057-5542</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4673-6974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakhrameeva</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахрамеева</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>vrhbnm@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-3992</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7410-3130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paevskaya</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паевская</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>paevskajao@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7360-3791</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8238-2758</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sundukova</surname><given-names>Anna N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сундукова</surname><given-names>Анна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>bur39pnz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3391-9843</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4180-6881</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shantseva</surname><given-names>Anastasiia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шанцева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>an.shants@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-4510</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3342-4681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volchkova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волчкова</surname><given-names>Елена Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>antononina@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Penza Hospital N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пензенская областная клиническая больница им. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamaleya</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. почетного акад. Н.Ф. Гамалеи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>149</fpage><lpage>156</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-22"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-01-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/678362">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/678362</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Identification of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> pathogenicity factors is crucial for improving diagnosis and understanding the pathogenesis of associated diseases.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The study aimed to establish the detection rates of markers associated with major <italic>H. pylori</italic> pathogenic factors in patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 67 patients with chronic gastritis and 57 patients with peptic ulcer. All participants underwent a fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy with a rapid urease test (AMA LLC, Russia), followed by a histological examination for <italic>H. pylori</italic>. The following were also tested: stool filtrates for <italic>H. pylori</italic> antigen using an immunochromatographic assay (<italic>H. pylori</italic> test, Novamed Ltd., Israel); serum for anti-CagA antibodies via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Anti-Helicobacter pylori CagA ELISA, ECOlab JSC, Russia); and fecal and salivary samples for O antigen (LPS), VacA, and CagA antigens using a coagglutination test (Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Positive rapid urease test results were obtained in 61.9% of patients. Serum CagA antibodies were detected in 51% of patients, and <italic>H. pylori</italic> antigen was detected in the feces of 27.9% of patients (<italic>p</italic> ≥ 0.05). The coagglutination test demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance: O antigen, VacA, and CagA antigens were detected in the fecal and/or salivary samples of 83.1% of patients at a diagnostic titer threshold of ≥1:8, which was significantly higher than that achieved by other tests. The rate of CagA antibody detection in serum was twice as high with a positive rapid urease test result. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and rapid urease testing revealed <italic>H. pylori</italic> in 40.3% (27) of patients with chronic gastritis and in 56.1% (31) of patients with peptic ulcers. The coagglutination test detected VacA and/or CagA antigens in 90.6% of stool filtrate samples and 88.5% of salivary samples. Both antigens simultaneously were detected in 67.5% and 65.1% of the fecal and salivary samples, respectively. The rate of simultaneous detection of VacA and CagA antigens in feces was significantly higher in patients with peptic ulcers and positive rapid urease test results compared with other subgroups. There was no significant difference in the rate of simultaneous detection of these antigens in saliva across patient subgroups.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The primary advantage of the coagglutination test is the non-invasive, simultaneous detection of three key, synergistic <italic>H. pylori</italic> pathogenicicty factors in feces and/or saliva: O antigen (a marker of replication), VacA antigen (vacuolating cytotoxin), and CagA antigen (a pathogenicity island marker and Class I bacterial co-oncogene) The study confirmed that saliva can be used to detect <italic>H. pylori</italic> in children and older patients, when invasive testing is not an option.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Выявление факторов патогенности <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> у пациентов является чрезвычайно актуальной задачей для диагностики и уточнения патогенеза связанных заболеваний.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Установить частоту выявления маркёров основных факторов патогенности <italic>H. pylori</italic> у пациентов с хроническим гастритом и язвенной болезнью желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В исследовании участвовали 67 пациентов с хроническими гастритами и 57 пациентов с язвенной болезнью. Всем участникам провели фиброэзофагогастродуоденоскопию с постановкой быстрого уреазного теста (БУТ) (ООО «АМА», Россия) и гистологическим исследованием на наличие <italic>H. pylori</italic>. Дополнительно исследовали: копрофильтраты на наличие антигена <italic>H. pylori</italic> иммунохроматографическим методом («<italic>H. pylori</italic> тест» Novamed Ltd., Израиль); сыворотку крови на антитела к CagA-антигену методом иммуноферментного анализа («ИФА-Хеликобактер CagA-антитела», ЗАО «ЭКОлаб», Россия); образцы кала и слюны на наличие О-антигена (ЛПС), VacA- и CagA-антигенов методом коагглютинации (НИЦЭМ им Н.Ф. Гамалеи, Россия).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Положительный результат БУТ выявили у 61,9% больных. CagA-антитела в сыворотке обнаружили у 51% больных, а антиген <italic>H. pylori</italic> в кале — у 27,9% больных (<italic>р</italic> ≥0,05). Метод коагглютинации показал наибольшую эффективность: О-антиген, VacA- и CagA-антиген в кале и/или слюне в условно диагностическом титре ≥1:8 определили у 83,1% больных, что достоверно чаще результатов других методов. Частота обнаружения CagA-антител в сыворотке крови была в 2 раза выше при положительном БУТ. По результатам фиброэзофагогастродуоденоскопии и быстрого уреазного теста подтвердили присутствие <italic>H. pylori</italic> у 40,3% (27) пациентов с хроническим гастритом и у 56,1% (31) пациента с язвенной болезнью.</p> <p>Методом коагглютинации VacA- и/или CagA-антигены присутствовали в 90,6% проб копрофильтратов и в 88,5% проб слюны. Одновременное присутствие обоих антигенов зафиксировали в 67,5% и 65,1% пробах кала и слюны соответственно. В подгруппе больных язвенной болезнью и положительным БУТ частота одновременного выявления VacA- и CagA-антигенов в кале была достоверно выше, чем в других группах. В слюне частота одновременного обнаружения этих антигенов между подгруппами пациентов значимо не различалась.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Основное преимущество метода коагглютинации состоит в возможности неинвазивного одновременного выявления в кале и/или слюне трёх ключевых взаимно усиливающих факторов патогенности <italic>H. pylori</italic>: О-антигена (маркёра размножения), VacA-антигена (вакуолизирующего цитотоксина) и CagA-антигена (маркёра островка патогенности, бактериального коонкогена I класса). Исследование подтвердило возможность применения слюны для определения инфицирования <italic>H. pylori</italic>, что удобно для обследования детей и пожилых людей, когда использование инвазивных методов ограничено.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>chronic gastritis</kwd><kwd>coagglutination</kwd><kwd>lipopolysaccharide</kwd><kwd>O antigen</kwd><kwd>vacuolating cytotoxin</kwd><kwd>CagA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>хронический гастрит</kwd><kwd>коагглютинация</kwd><kwd>липополисахарид</kwd><kwd>О-антиген</kwd><kwd>вакуолизирующий цитотоксин</kwd><kwd>CagA</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Atiq A, Hashim M, Khan FW, et al. Morphological spectrum of gastritis in endoscopic biopsies and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection. 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