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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677915</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID677915</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BBTQKY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исторические статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">History of tularemia research: from the Astrakhan <italic>Pestis Ambulans</italic> to a ubiquitous independent nosological entity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>История изучения туляремии: от астраханской <italic>pestis ambulans</italic> до убиквитарной самостоятельной нозологической формы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-9674</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9044-5289</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифоров</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>v.v.nikiforov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/677915">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/677915</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Today, the legitimacy of tularemia as an independent nosological entity is beyond doubt, as both its causative agent and clinical manifestations are well studied. However, this diagnosis is just over 100 years old. In the late 19th century, practicing physicians began to acknowledge the existence, within the well-known disease of plague, of a more or less distinct form of it (as S.P. Botkin referred to as “plague of mild strength,” <italic>pestis ambulans, pestis nostras, peste frustre</italic>, etc.), characterized by a relatively mild course and, at the very least, low contagiousness or even a complete absence of human-to-human transmission. The causative agent of this disease was isolated only in 1911 by American researchers G.W. McCoy and C.W. Chapin (the article on this discovery was published in 1912) from California ground squirrels (gophers) during an investigation of a “plague-like disease” in these rodents near Tulare Lake. The microorganism was named <italic>Bacterium tularense</italic> after the place of its identification. The association of this pathogen with human diseases involving intoxication syndrome and lymphadenopathy was established in 1921 by American physician and researcher E. Francis, who coined the name “tularemia.” In other words, the discovery of tularemia followed the reverse path: not from clinical observation to etiology, but from the pathogen to the clinical features of the disease. In Japan, tularemia was first described in 1924–1925 by H. Ohara under the name Yatobyo (yato meaning wild rabbits and byo meaning disease); by 1925, its identity as tularemia had been confirmed. The diagnosis was first introduced and later widely accepted in the Soviet Union in 1926. Subsequently, cases of tularemia have been reported in nearly all countries (except South America), and in 1947 the pathogen was justifiably renamed to <italic>Francisella tularensis</italic>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На сегодняшний день правомочность существования туляремии как отдельной нозологической формы не вызывает никаких сомнений, поскольку возбудитель и клинические проявления этой болезни хорошо изучены. Однако этому диагнозу лишь немного более 100 лет. Уже в конце XIX века практикующие врачи стали признавать существование в рамках такой всем хорошо известной болезни, как чума, некой её (чумы) более или менее самостоятельной формы (чумная инфекция слабой силы по С.П. Боткину, <italic>pestis ambulans, pestis nostras, peste frustre</italic> и т. д.), характеризующейся относительно лёгким течением и, как минимум, слабой контагиозностью или полным отсутствием передачи её от человека к человеку. Возбудитель этой болезни выделен американскими исследователями G.W. McCoy и C.W. Chapin лишь в 1911 году (статья об этом открытии опубликована в 1912 году) от калифорнийских сусликов («земляных белок») при изучении «чумоподобного заболевания» у данных грызунов в районе озера Туляре. По месту выявления микроорганизма первооткрыватели назвали его <italic>Bacterium tularense</italic>. Связь этого возбудителя с заболеваниями человека, сопровождающимися интоксикационным синдромом и лимфаденопатией, установил также американский врач и исследователь E. Francis в 1921 году, дав болезни название «туляремия». Иными словами, в случае с туляремией процесс шёл в обратном направлении: не от клинической картины к поиску её причины, а от возбудителя к выяснению особенностей вызываемой им клиники. В Японии туляремию первоначально описал в 1924–1925 гг. H. Ohara под названием «Yatobyo» (yato — дикие кролики, byo — болезнь), однако уже к 1925 году установлена её идентичность туляремии. В 1926 году диагноз туляремии впервые озвучен и в дальнейшем завоевал признание и в СССР. В дальнейшем случаи туляремии описали практически во всех странах (кроме Южной Америки), а возбудитель в 1947 году вполне оправданно переименовали в <italic>Francisella tularensis</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tularemia</kwd><kwd>pestis ambulans</kwd><kwd>pestis nostras</kwd><kwd>California ground squirrels</kwd><kwd>Bacterium tularense</kwd><kwd>deer-fly fever</kwd><kwd>rabbit fever</kwd><kwd>Yatobyo</kwd><kwd>plague-like lymphadenitis</kwd><kwd>Francisella tularensis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туляремия</kwd><kwd>pestis ambulans</kwd><kwd>pestis nostras</kwd><kwd>калифорнийские суслики</kwd><kwd>Bacterium tularense</kwd><kwd>deer-fly fever</kwd><kwd>rabbit fever</kwd><kwd>Yatobyo</kwd><kwd>чумоподобные лимфадениты</kwd><kwd>Francisella tularensis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sirotinin VN, editor. 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