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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677156</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID677156</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HOCTDG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antimicrobial resistance of <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Kazan before and during the COVID-19 pandemic</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Резистентность <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> к антимикробным препаратам у взрослых пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в Казани до и во время пандемии COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-2576</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6704-2840</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khasanova</surname><given-names>Gulshat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасанова</surname><given-names>Гульшат Рашатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>gulshatra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-832X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8774-6450</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>sergejsemenov596@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4012-2371</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yumagulova</surname><given-names>Elena F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юмагулова</surname><given-names>Елена Фридриховна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>Elena.Yumagulova@tatar.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-3370</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belova</surname><given-names>Marina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белова</surname><given-names>Марина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>marina116bp@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after Professor A.F. Agafonov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская клиническая инфекционная больница имени профессора А.Ф. Агафонова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-16"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-16"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-06"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/677156">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/677156</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>Diseases caused by <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> remain one of the leading causes of infectious disease–related mortality in Russia and worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic, accompanied by increased use of antibacterial agents for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, has affected both the spectrum of pathogens and the trends of antimicrobial resistance. However, findings vary across different regions.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The study aimed to investigate trends in the frequency of pneumococcus strains resistant to antimicrobial agents in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Kazan from 2019 to 2022.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> It was a retrospective observational study of pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance using data from the Laboratory Diagnostic Center of the Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after Professor A. F. Agafonov. Sputum samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia were collected from 11 medical institutions in Kazan between 2019 and 2022. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method and interpreted according to the Russian guidelines Determination of Microorganism Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents. The frequency of resistant pneumococcus strains and changes in resistance profiles were assessed. In addition, a retrospective analysis of the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in Kazan from 2019 to 2024 was performed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> From 2019 to 2024, the incidence of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia among the adult population in Kazan increased from 76.8 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 71.3–82.3) to 88.3 per 100,000 (95% CI, 82.4–94.2) (<italic>p</italic> = 0.002). The highest and the lowest incidences were observed in 2024 and 2021, respectively. Among the 196 <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> isolates studied, the proportions of resistant strains were as follows: penicillin, 38.3% (95% CI, 31.5–45.1); erythromycin, 26.0% (95% CI, 19.8–32.2); levofloxacin, 10.7% (95% CI, 6.1–15.3); clindamycin, 16.8% (95% CI, 11.5–22.1); tetracycline, 22.3% (95% CI, 14.1–28.5); and co-trimoxazole, 30.8% (95% CI, 24.3–37.3).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A high proportion of pneumococcus strains resistant to major classes of antibacterial agents was identified. During the peak years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022), no significant changes were observed in the frequency or resistance profiles of pneumococcus strains isolated from patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia compared with 2019.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Заболевания, вызванные <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>, являются одной из самых распространённых причин смерти населения от инфекционных болезней в России и других странах мира. Пандемия COVD-19, сопровождавшаяся увеличением объёмов применения антибактериальных препаратов при лечении инфекций дыхательных путей, повлияла как на спектр возбудителей, так и на динамику устойчивости к антибиотикам: при этом результаты исследований из разных регионов различаются.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Изучить тенденции в частоте выделения штаммов пневмококков, резистентных к антимикробным препаратам, у взрослых пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в Казани в 2019–2022 гг.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено наблюдательное ретроспективное исследование резистентности пневмококков к антибиотикам с использованием материала, собранного на базе Лабораторного диагностического центра Республиканской клинической инфекционной больницы имени профессора А.Ф. Агафонова. Исследовали мокроту взрослых пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией, поступившую из 11 медицинских организаций города в период с 2019 по 2022 год. Резистентность к антибиотикам определяли диск-диффузионным методом и интерпретировали согласно требованиям российских рекомендаций «Определение чувствительности микроорганизмов к антимикробным препаратам». Оценивали частоту выделения резистентных штаммов пневмококка и изменение профилей антибиотикорезистентности. Кроме того, проведён ретроспективный анализ заболеваемости бактериальными пневмониями в Казани за период 2019–2024 гг.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> За период 2019–2024 гг. заболеваемость бактериальными внебольничными пневмониями среди взрослого населения Казани выросла с 76,8 [95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 71,3–82,3] до 88,3 на 100 тыс. населения (95% ДИ 82,4–94,2) (<italic>p</italic>=0,002). Наибольший показатель заболеваемости отмечен в 2024 году, тогда как минимальный в 2021. В целом из всех исследованных 196 изолятов <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> доля штаммов, устойчивых к различным антибиотикам, составила: к пенициллину — 38,3% (95% ДИ 31,5–45,1), к эритромицину — 26,0% (95% ДИ 19,8–32,2), к левофлоксацину — 10,7% (95% ДИ 6,1–15,3), к клиндамицину — 16,8% (95% ДИ 11,5–22,1), к тетрациклину — 22,3% (95% ДИ 14,1–28,5), к ко-тримоксазолу — 30,8% (95% ДИ 24,3–37,3).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Отмечена высокая частота выделения пневмококков, резистентных к основным классам антибактериальных препаратов. В период наиболее интенсивного распространения пандемии COVID-19 (2020–2022 гг.) не отмечено изменений частоты выделения антибиотикорезистентных штаммов пневмококков у пациентов с внебольничной бактериальной пневмонией, а также их профиля антибиотикорезистентности в сравнении с 2019 годом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbial drug resistance</kwd><kwd>community-acquired bacterial pneumonia</kwd><kwd>pneumococcus</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>COVID-19 pandemic</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антимикробная резистентность</kwd><kwd>внебольничная бактериальная пневмония</kwd><kwd>пневмококк</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>пандемия COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Essential Programme on Immunization, Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Pneumococcus: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards [Internet]. 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