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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677097</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID677097</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RDDPWH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Role of integrative and conjugative elements in heavy metal resistance of <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль интегративно-конъюгативных элементов в реализации устойчивости <italic>Vibrio сholerae</italic> к тяжёлым металлам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4336-0439</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4672-9310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodopyanov</surname><given-names>Sergey O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водопьянов</surname><given-names>Сергей Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>serge100v@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-9153</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6050-0361</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evteev</surname><given-names>Artem V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтеев</surname><given-names>Артём Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>evteev_av@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-3231</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7319-3037</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodopyanov</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водопьянов</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>vodopyanov_as@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-8021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4270-3091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisanov</surname><given-names>Ruslan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писанов</surname><given-names>Руслан Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>pisanov_rv@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-4705</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7920-3340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Selyanskaya</surname><given-names>Nadezhda A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селянская</surname><given-names>Надежда Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>selyanskaya_na@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-2778</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9767-2936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglikov</surname><given-names>Vladimir D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кругликов</surname><given-names>Владимир Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>kruglikov_vd@antiplague.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov-on-Don Anti-plague Institute Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский-на-Дону научно-исследовательский противочумный институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-09"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/677097">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/677097</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:<italic> </italic></bold>Environmental surveillance across Russian regions has documented the consistent isolation of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains and the sporadic detection of individual toxigenic <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic> О1 El Tor strains. Heavy metals in the environment are considered among the factors that may drive the evolution of V. cholerae. Assessment of the tolerance of nontoxigenic <italic>V. cholerae</italic> О1 strains from water sources confirmed the presence of isolates resistant to a wide range of heavy metals in various combinations. Few investigations have addressed the genetic basis of heavy metal tolerance in Vibrio species, and no data are available on heavy metal resistance genes in toxigenic <italic>V. cholerae</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> The work aimed to identify potential genes conferring heavy metal resistance in toxigenic <italic>V. cholerae</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> Two <italic>V. cholerae</italic> O1 strains—83 and 5879—and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> QD5003 Rif <sup>r</sup> were used. For <italic>in silico</italic> analysis, 1880 complete genomes of toxigenic V. cholerae belonging to different serogroups and collected over different periods were screened.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> Comparative bioinformatic analysis using genome subtraction identified the <italic>czcA</italic> gene (NCBI GenBank accession number MVB73536.1) in <italic>V. cholerae</italic> strain 83. Analysis of the sequenced genomes of 1880 <italic>V. cholerae</italic> strains from various serogroups and collection periods detected the <italic>czcA</italic> gene in 159 of 1125 toxigenic strains (14.1%), but in none of the 775 nontoxigenic genomes. The presence of the <italic>czcA</italic> gene in <italic>V. cholerae </italic>strain 83 as part of an integrative and conjugative element of the ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban11 type was confirmed by <italic>in silico</italic> polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using virtual primers. Among the 159 <italic>czcA</italic>-positive genomes of <italic>V. cholerae</italic>, two integrative and conjugative element types were reliably identified: 113 ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban9 and 27 ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban11. To investigate the possible biological role of <italic>czcA</italic>, the ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban11 was transferred by conjugation into <italic>V. cholerae</italic> 5879 cells. The resulting <italic>czcA</italic>-positive 5879 strain cells showed a significant increase in resistance to cadmium ions.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> These findings suggest that the presence of the <italic>czcA</italic> gene in toxigenic V. cholerae may enhance resistance to the toxic effects of heavy metals. In particular, this may provide the bacteria with a selective advantage in aquatic environments with elevated cadmium ion concentrations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В процессе мониторинга объектов окружающей среды в субъектах Российской Федерации регистрируют постоянное выделение как нетоксигенных штаммов холерных вибрионов, так и эпизодическое обнаружение единичных токсигенных штаммов <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic> О1 El Tor. Существует предположение о том, что тяжёлые металлы во внешней среде могут выступать одним из факторов, способствующих эволюции холерного вибриона. Изучение толерантности нетоксигенных <italic>V. сholerae</italic> О1 из водных объектов подтвердило существование изолятов, устойчивых к широкому спектру тяжёлых металлов в разных комбинациях. Работ, посвящённых анализу генетической природы толерантности вибрионов к тяжёлым металлам, в настоящее время крайне мало, а сведения о наличии генов резистентности к тяжёлым металлам у токсигенных вибрионов отсутствуют.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Идентифицировать возможные гены, обуславливающие резистентность к тяжёлым металлам у токсигенных холерных вибрионов.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В работе использовали два штамма <italic>V. cholerae</italic> серогруппы О1 — 83 и 5879 и штамм <italic>Escherichia coli </italic>QD5003 Rif <sup>r</sup>. Для анализа <italic>in silico</italic> отобрали 1880 полных геномов токсигенных холерных вибрионов, принадлежащих разным серогруппам и выделенных в разные периоды времени.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Сравнительный биоинформационный анализ методом вычитания геномов выявил ген <italic>czcA</italic> (номер доступа в базе данных NCBI GenBank: MVB73536.1) у штамма <italic>V. сholerae</italic> 83. При анализе секвенированных геномов 1880 штаммов <italic>V. сholerae</italic> различных серогрупп и сроков выделения ген <italic>czcA</italic> обнаружили у 159 токсигенных штаммов из 1125 исследованных (14,1%), но ни в одном из 775 геномов нетоксигенных вибрионов. Методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) с виртуальными праймерами <italic>in silico</italic> подтвердили наличие гена <italic>czcA</italic> у штамма <italic>V. сholerae</italic> 83 в составе интегративно-конъюгативного элемента типа ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban11. Среди 159 <italic>czcA</italic>+ геномов <italic>V. сholerae</italic> достоверно идентифицировали два типа интегративно-конъюгативных элементов: 113 ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban9 и 27 ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban11. Для исследования возможной биологической роли <italic>czcA</italic> провели конъюгативный перенос ICE<italic>Vch</italic>Ban11 в клетки <italic>V. сholerae</italic> 5879. При этом клетки <italic>czcA</italic>+ штамма 5879 достоверно повысили устойчивость к ионам кадмия.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что наличие гена <italic>czcA</italic> у токсигенных холерных вибрионов может повышать устойчивость к токсическому действию тяжёлых металлов. В частности, это может давать бактерии преимущество при попадании в водоёмы с повышенным содержанием ионов кадмия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae</kwd><kwd>bioinformatics analysis</kwd><kwd>integrative and conjugative elements</kwd><kwd>czcA</kwd><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Vibrio сholerae</kwd><kwd>биоинформационный анализ</kwd><kwd>интегративно-конъюгативные элементы</kwd><kwd>czcA</kwd><kwd>тяжёлые металлы</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Noskov AK, Kruglikov VD, Moskvitina EA, et al. Characteristics of the epidemiological situation of Cholera in the World and in the Russian Federation in 2020 and forecast for 2021. 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