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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636844</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID636844</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and epidemiological features of the 2019 West Nile fever outbreak in the city of Krasnodar</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинико-эпидемиологические особенности вспышки лихорадки Западного Нила 2019 года (на примере города Краснодара)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4979-8768</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2066-2690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeeva</surname><given-names>Marina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеева</surname><given-names>Марина Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>avdeevam@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1817-6664</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8090-3715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulbuzheva</surname><given-names>Makka I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулбужева</surname><given-names>Макка Ибрагимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>kulbuzhevamakka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-1764</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1164-7038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blazhnyaya</surname><given-names>Lyudmila P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блажняя</surname><given-names>Людмила Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>p-blazhnyaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-2922</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9446-5319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhtina</surname><given-names>Viktoriya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахтина</surname><given-names>Виктория Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>kdlskib@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-4222</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7310-4670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vanyukov</surname><given-names>Anatoly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванюков</surname><given-names>Анатолий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>kdlskib@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-8023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3796-0539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nezhurin</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нежурин</surname><given-names>Андрей Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrew_nezhurin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-6340</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4987-1460</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arzumanyan</surname><given-names>Kamilla А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арзуманян</surname><given-names>Камилла Артемовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>arzumanyan.kamilla@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6748-5874</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4508-0814</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mishchenko</surname><given-names>Nika E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мищенко</surname><given-names>Ника Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Nika.sportwomen.com@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Specialized Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Специализированная клиническая инфекционная больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-02-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-02-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>321</fpage><lpage>336</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-29"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-12"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/636844">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/636844</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold><italic> </italic>West Nile fever (WNF) is an emerging infectious disease in the Krasnodar region with understudied clinical and epidemiological manifestations. The role of the urban environment in the formation of new endemic foci remains an open question.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> To characterize the main clinical and epidemiological manifestations of WNF and identify potential foci locations within the city of Krasnodar, using the 2019 outbreak as an example.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods:</bold><italic> </italic>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 78 inpatient medical records of patients diagnosed with WNF in 2019, confirmed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Inclusion criteria required patients to have resided within Krasnodar or its suburbs for at least one month prior to symptom onset. Using the online resource Yandex.Maps, we recorded the actual residential addresses of the cases and created a map to identify potential epidemic foci within Krasnodar and adjacent areas.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> The 2019 WNF outbreak in Krasnodar region registered between July and September, peaking in August. The mapping of cases in Krasnodar revealed an association with urban water bodies, both natural (lakes, ponds) and artificial (reservoirs, abandoned water bodies), with a lesser degree of association with the Kuban river. In the structure of clinical forms of WNF, the meningeal and meningoencephalitic forms predominated (77.4%, Group 1), while the influenza-like form was observed in 25.6% (Group 2). There were no gender differences between the groups; the mean age was 44.7±0.51 years, with 65% being unemployed or retired. Comorbid conditions were present in 84.5% of Group 1 patients and 35.0% of Group 2 patients, with cardiovascular diseases being the most common (46.1%). Group 1 was characterized by an acute onset with febrile fever, general cerebral and meningeal symptoms, ataxia, and meningitis with moderate lymphocytic pleocytosis. In Group 2, 50% of cases began with low-grade fever, with rash (65%), lymphadenopathy (40%), hyperemia and granular pharyngeal mucosa (75%–50%), and cough (30%) being more frequently observed.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions:</bold><italic> </italic>Mapping of potential infection sites confirmed the importance of urban water bodies and helped identify areas at risk of WNF transmission. Effective WNF prevention in urban environments requires comprehensive surveillance of water bodies, mosquito control, and monitoring of migratory birds. For timely diagnosis, PCR and ELISA testing for West Nile fever markers should be included in the comprehensive diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms of meningitis, meningoencephalitis, or fever of unknown origin with catarrhal symptoms, rash, and lymphadenopathy during the summer-autumn period in the southern regions of Russia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Для Краснодарского края лихорадка Западного Нила является эмерджентной инфекцией с недостаточно изученными клинико-эпидемическими проявлениями. Остаётся открытым вопрос о роли городской среды в формировании новых эндемичных очагов.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — охарактеризовать основные клинико-эпидемические проявления лихорадки Западного Нила и определить возможное расположение очагов в городе Краснодаре на примере вспышки 2019 года.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведён ретроспективный анализ 78 карт стационарного наблюдения пациентов, находившихся на лечении в 2019 году с диагнозом «лихорадка Западного Нила», подтверждённым методами иммуноферментного анализа и полимеразной цепной реакции. Условием отбора было нахождение пациентов в пределах города Краснодара и его пригородов в течение месяца до начала заболевания. При помощи электронного ресурса «Яндекс.Карты» отражены данные фактического места проживания заболевших, построена карта для определения возможных эпидемических очагов на территории Краснодара и прилежащих районов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Вспышка лихорадки Западного Нила в Краснодарском крае зарегистрирована в период с июля по сентябрь 2019 года, с пиком в августе. Картографическое распределение случаев на территории Краснодара показало их связь с водными объектами внутри города как естественного (озёра, пруды), так и искусственного происхождения (водохранилище, безымянные заброшенные водные объекты), в меньшей степени отмечена связь с рекой Кубань. В структуре клинических форм лихорадки Западного Нила преобладали менингеальная и менингоэнцефальная формы (77,4%) (1-я группа); гриппоподобная форма отмечена в 25,6% (2-я группа). Гендерных различий в наблюдавшихся группах выявлено не было, средний возраст составил 44,7±0,51 года, 65% относились к нетрудоустроенной группе и пенсионерам. Коморбидная патология присутствовала у 84,5% пациентов 1-й группы и 35,0% пациентов 2-й группы. Преобладала патология сердечно-сосудистой системы (46,1%). Для 1-й группы было характерно острое начало с фебрильной лихорадки, общемозговых и менингеальных симптомов, атаксии, развитие менингита с умеренным лимфоцитарным плеоцитозом. Во 2-й группе заболевание в 50% случаев начиналось с субфебрильной лихорадки, чаще регистрировались экзантема (65%), лимфаденопатия (40%), гиперемия и зернистость слизистой ротоглотки (75–50%), кашель (30%).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Картирование вероятных точек заражения людей подтвердило важность водных внутригородских объектов и помогло определению зон риска передачи инфекции. Эффективная профилактика лихорадки Западного Нила в городах требует комплекса надзорных мер за водными объектами внутри населённых пунктов, уничтожения комаров и контроля перелётных птиц. Для своевременной диагностики методы полимеразной цепной реакции и иммуноферментного анализа на маркёры лихорадки Западного Нила необходимо включать в комплексное обследование пациентов с клинической картиной менингитов и менингоэнцефалитов, а также при лихорадке неясного генеза с катаральным синдромом, экзантемой, лимфаденопатией в летне-осенний период в южных регионах России.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>West Nile fever</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>clinical presentation</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лихорадка Западного Нила</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>клиническая картина</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chancey C, Grinev A, Volkova E, Rios M. The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. 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