<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">630074</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID630074</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исторические статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical antisepsis in Russia: historical parallels</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хирургическая антисептика в России: исторические параллели</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-1110</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2422-3870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sisin</surname><given-names>Yevgeniy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сисин</surname><given-names>Евгений Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>evg-sisin1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-2165</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6133-2572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubkova</surname><given-names>Alla A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубкова</surname><given-names>Алла Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>allagolubkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3345-1786</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9671-6140</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Irina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Ирина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>epid_fgu3@xmao.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-2386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jusuf</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсуф</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>epid_fgu3@xmao.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2075-5484</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2159-3390</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnik</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельник</surname><given-names>Дарья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dmelnick.00@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0529-2841</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4735-4371</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mendaeva</surname><given-names>Alsu M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мендаева</surname><given-names>Алсу Маратовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>MendaevaAM@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gilmijarova</surname><given-names>Valerija О.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гильмиярова</surname><given-names>Валерия Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>GilmijarovaVO@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ханты-Мансийская государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug — Yugra</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе — Югре</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-06-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>236</fpage><lpage>247</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-07"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/en/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/630074">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/630074</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The origins of surgery and the improvement of surgical practices did not always guarantee a favorable surgical outcome. Even a masterfully performed operation could lead to a purulent-inflammatory process. Even at the stage of empirical development of medicine, before the great microbiological discoveries, an understanding was formed about a certain “substrate” that penetrates the surgical wound from the external environment and causes its suppuration. Supporters of the contagionist theory called it contagium, and supporters of the miasmatic theory considered the external (air) environment as such a source. The ideas of the supporters of the contagionist theory of the occurrence of purulent-septic complications in surgery in the middle of the 18th century are reflected in the works of D.S. Samoilovich and I.F. Semmelweis; the latter proved the transmission of the infectious principle by the surgeon’s hands, which became the starting point for the development of preventive antiseptics.</p> <p>In historical retrospect, the technology and means used for surgical hand antisepsis in Russia were analyzed from the mid-18<sup>th</sup> to the early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries.</p> <p>Moreover, literary sources for the period from 1783 to 2023 were analyzed, containing information about the antiseptic treatment of surgeons’ hands. Historical, descriptive, evaluative, analytical, and bacteriological research methods were used. As an experiment, the original antiseptic recipe described by D.S. Samoilovich (1783) was restored, and its effectiveness was confirmed.</p> <p>During surgical practices in Russia, starting from the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century, facts about the use of drugs with antiseptic activity for hand treatment are described. It is shown how, in historical retrospect, views on the final result of surgical antisepsis changed: from partial to complete destruction of microorganisms, preventing their entry from the deep layers of the skin, to the destruction of transient microflora and reduction of the abundance of resident microflora. Despite the influence of the English (J. Lister) and German (P. Fürbringer, J.F. Ahlfeld) surgical schools on the development of antiseptics in Russia, it retained its originality, determined by the needs of society and the possibility of using certain chemical antiseptics and their compositions for its implementation. The contribution of domestic surgeons to the improvement of antiseptic technologies and drugs in military field conditions is shown (N.I. Pirogov, A.M. Zabludovsky, D.I. Tatarinov et al.).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Зародившись еще в Древнем мире, хирургия не прекращала совершенствовать хирургические практики, что, однако, не всегда гарантировало благоприятный исход оперативного вмешательства. Даже виртуозно проведённая операция могла привести к возникновению гнойно-воспалительного процесса. Ещё на этапе эмпирического развития медицины, до великих микробиологических открытий, сформировалось понимание того, что есть некий «субстрат», который проникает в операционную рану из внешней среды и вызывает её нагноение. Сторонники контагионистской теории называли его контагием, а сторонники миазматической теории таким источником считали внешнюю (воздушную) среду. Идеи сторонников контагионистской теории возникновения гнойно-септических осложнений в хирургии в середине XVIII века нашли отражение в трудах Д.С. Самойловича и И.Ф. Земмельвейса, последний доказал факт передачи заразного начала руками хирурга, что и стало отправной точкой для развития превентивной антисептики.</p> <p>В статье в исторической ретроспективе проведён анализ технологий и средств, используемых для хирургической антисептики рук в России в период с середины XVIII до начала XX века.</p> <p>В работе проанализированы литературные источники за период с 1783 по 2023 год, содержавшие информацию об антисептической обработке рук хирургов. Использованы исторический, описательно-оценочный, аналитический и бактериологический методы исследования. В качестве эксперимента была восстановлена оригинальная рецептура антисептика, описанная в трудах Д.С. Самойловича (1783 г.), и подтверждена её эффективность.</p> <p>Начиная с середины XVIII века при хирургических практиках в России описаны факты применения для обработки рук препаратов с антисептической активностью. Показано, как в исторической ретроспективе менялись взгляды на конечный результат хирургической антисептики — от частичного до полного уничтожения микроорганизмов, предупреждения их поступления из глубоких слоёв кожи, уничтожения транзиторной микрофлоры и снижения количества резидентной микрофлоры. Несмотря на влияние английской (J. Lister) и немецкой (P. Fürbringer, J.F. Ahlfeld) хирургических школ на становление антисептики в России, она сохраняла свою самобытность, обусловленную потребностью общества и возможностью использования для её проведения ряда химических антисептических веществ и их композиций. Показан вклад отечественных хирургов в совершенствование технологий антисептики и препаратов в военно-полевых условиях (Н.И. Пирогов, А.М. Заблудовский, Д.И. Татаринов и др.).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>surgical hand treatment</kwd><kwd>history of the issue</kwd><kwd>techniques</kwd><kwd>skin antiseptics</kwd><kwd>prevention of infections in the surgical area</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хирургическая обработка рук</kwd><kwd>история вопроса</kwd><kwd>технические приёмы</kwd><kwd>кожные антисептики</kwd><kwd>профилактика инфекций в области хирургического вмешательства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyubimova AV, Zueva LP, Golubkova AA, Tekhova IG. Hand hygiene of medical personnel. Federal clinical recommendations. Moscow; 2014. 31 p. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Любимова А.В., Зуева Л.П., Голубкова А.А., Техова И.Г. Гигиена рук медицинского персонала. Федеральные клинические рекомендации. Москва, 2014. 31 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: a summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. 52 p. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руководство ВОЗ по гигиене рук в здравоохранении: резюме. Женева: Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2013. 52 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niurka MÁ, Yudalvis OC. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la adherencia al lavado de manos en personal de salud. Revista Cubana de Pediatría. 2020;92(2):e938. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niurka M.Á., Yudalvis O.C. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la adherencia al lavado de manos en personal de salud // Revista Cubana de Pediatría. 2020. Vol. 92, N 2. P. e938.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanner J, Dumville JC, Norman G, Fortnam M. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(1):CD004288. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004288.pub3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanner J., Dumville. J.C., Norman G., Fortnam M. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. Vol. 2016, N 1. P. CD004288. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004288.pub3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber WP, Reck S, Neff U, et al. Surgical hand antisepsis with alcohol-based hand rub: comparison of effectiveness after 1.5 and 3 minutes of application. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(5):420–426. doi: 10.1086/596772</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber W.P., Reck. S., Neff U., et al. Surgical hand antisepsis with alcohol-based hand rub: comparison of effectiveness after 1.5 and 3 minutes of application // Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009. Vol. 30, N 5. P. 420–426. doi: 10.1086/596772</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):863–893. doi: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.863-893.2004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kampf G., Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs // Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004. Vol. 17, N 4. P. 863–893. doi: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.863-893.2004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Methodological guidelines “Prevention of infections in the surgical area”. Smolensk: NASKI; 2023. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические руководства «Профилактика инфекций области хирургического вмешательства». Смоленск: НАСКИ; 2023. 75 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samoïlowitz D. Mémoire Sur La Peste, Qui, En 1771, Ravagea l’Empire de Russie, Sur-Tout Moscou, La Capitale. Paris; 1783. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samoïlowitz D. Mémoire Sur La Peste, Qui, En 1771, Ravagea l’Empire de Russie, Sur-Tout Moscou, La Capitale. Paris, 1783.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weekly news of the Free Economic Society. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Gornogo uchilishcha; 1788. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еженедельные известия Вольного экономического общества. Санкт-Петербург: Типография Горного училища, 1788.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semmelweis I. Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. Hartleben: Pest-Viden-Lipsko; 1861. 543 S. (In German)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semmelweis I. Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. Hartleben: Pest-Viden-Lipsko, 1861. 543 S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pachner F. For the life of mothers. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo medicinskoj literatury; 1963. 223 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пахнер Ф. За жизнь матерей. Москва: Государственное издание медицинской литературы, 1963. 223 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lister J. On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery. The Lancet. 1867;90:353–356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lister J. On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery // The Lancet. 1867. Vol. 90. P. 353–356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breydo IS. History of antiseptics and asepsis in Russia. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo medicinskoj literatury; 1956. 196 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брейдо И.С. История антисептики и асептики в России. Ленинград: Государственное издательство медицинской литературы, 1956. 196 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. The beginnings of general military field surgery, taken from observations of military hospital practice and memories of the Crimean War and the Caucasian expedition. Dresden: Tipografiya E. Blokhmana i syna; 1866. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пирогов Н.И. Начала общей военнополевой хирургiи, взятыя изъ наблюденiй военногоспитальной практики и воспоминанiй о Кримской войнъ и кавказской экспедицiи. Дрезден: Типография Э. Блохмана и сына, 1866.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolshesolskij PK. On the question of the comparative effect of bicarbonate and bichloride mercury as antiseptics [dissertation]. Saint Petersburg; 1887. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Большесольский П.К. Къ вопросу о сравнительномъ дъйствiи двуiодистой и двухлористой ртути какъ антисептическихъ средствъ: дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 1887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabludovsky AM. On some new methods of disinfection of hands and the operating field. Moscow: Tovarishchestvo skoropechatni A.A. Levenson; 1911. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заблудовский А.М. О некоторых новых способах обеззараживания рук и операционного поля. Москва: Товарищество скоропечатни А.А. Левенсон, 1911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chirikov AV. Practical importance of hand sanitization methods [dissertation]. Saint Petersburg; 1898. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чириков А.В. Практическое значенiе способовъ обеззараживанiя рукъ: дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 1898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akatsatov NE. On the issue of the provision of hands [dissertation]. Saint Petersburg; 1901. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акацатов Н.Е. К вопросу об обеспложивании рук: дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 1901.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Great Medical Encyclopedia. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1974–1989. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Большая медицинская энциклопедия. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1974–1989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levshin LL. On the use of various methods and means for disinfection in surgery. Moscow: Universitetskaya tipografiya; 1898. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левшин Л.Л. О применении в хирургии различных способов и средств для обеззараживания. Москва: Университетская типография, 1898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabludovsky AM. Introduction to the surgical clinic. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo; 1922. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заблудовский А.М. Введение в хирургическую клинику. Москва: Государственное издательство, 1922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gegner C. Über einige Wirkungen des formaldehyds. dis. doktorwürde. Erlangen; 1893. (In German)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gegner C. Über einige Wirkungen des formaldehyds. dis. doktorwürde. Erlangen, 1893.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahlfeld F. Lehrbuch der geburtshilfe zur wissenschaftlichen und practichen ausbildung ärzte und studierende. Leipzig: Verlag von fr. Wilh Grunow; 1898. (In German)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahlfeld F. Lehrbuch der geburtshilfe zur wissenschaftlichen und practichen ausbildung ärzte und studierende. Leipzig: Verlag von fr. Wilh Grunow, 1898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fürbringer P. Untersuchungen und vorschriften über die desinfektion der hände des arztes nebst bemerkungen über den bakteriologischen character des nagelshmutzes. Weisbaden: Verlag von J.F. Bergmann; 1888. (In German)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fürbringer P. Untersuchungen und vorschriften über die desinfektion der hände des arztes nebst bemerkungen über den bakteriologischen character des nagelshmutzes. Weisbaden: Verlag von J.F. Bergmann, 1888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popovich DA. Comparative evaluation of various methods of disinfection of hands and the operating field based on the principle of tanning [dissertation]. Saint Petersburg; 1910. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попович Д.А. Сравнительная оцънка различныхъ способовъ дезинфекцiи рукъ и операцiоннаго поля, основанныхъ на принципъ дубленiя : дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 1910.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oppel VA. History of Russian surgery: A critical essay. Vologda: Izdanie Vologodskogo oblastnogo otdeleniya gosudarstvennogo izdatel’stva; 1923. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оппель В.А. История русской хирургии: критический очерк. Вологда: Издание Вологодского областного отделения государственного издательства, 1923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnik DA, Mendaeva AM, Gilmiyarova VO, et al. Plague and COVID-19. Retrospective parallels after 250 years. Nauchnyj medicinskij vestnik Yugry. 2023;(2):187–188. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25017/2306-1367-2023-36-2-187-188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельник Д.А., Мендаева А.М., Гильмиярова В.О., и др. Чума и COVID-19. Ретроспективные параллели спустя 250 лет // Научный медицинский вестник Югры. 2023. № 2. С. 187–188. doi: 10.25017/2306-1367-2023-36-2-187-188</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kratkoe opisanie mikroskopicheskih izsledovanij o sushchestv yadu yazvennago, kotoryya proizvodil v Kremenchug Danilo Samojlovich. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya P.B.; 1792. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краткое описанiе микроскопическихъ изследованiй о существъ яду язвеннаго, которыя производилъ въ Кременчугъ Данило Самойловичъ. Санкт-Петербургъ: Типография П.Б., 1792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samoilovich D. Selected works. Moscow: AMN; 1952. 492 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самойлович Д. Избранные произведения. Москва: АМН, 1952. 492 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasilnikov AP. Handbook of antiseptics. Minsk: Vyshejshaya shkola; 1995. 367 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красильников А.П. Справочник по антисептике. Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1995. 367 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
