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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">627518</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID627518</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dynamics of <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> serotype structure in children for the period 2016–2022</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика серотипового пейзажа <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> у детей за период 2016–2022 годов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-8615</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4599-4410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Protasova</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Протасова</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>ovsyanka802@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398-5703</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3394-9879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Feldblium</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фельдблюм</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>irinablum@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-1509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhareva</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахарева</surname><given-names>Наталья Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bakhareva@kraszdrav.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5176-6190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinovieva</surname><given-names>Ludmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиновьева</surname><given-names>Людмила Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Lzinovieva@gdb8.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3550-7875</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7738-7060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorenko</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоренко</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sidorserg@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A. Wagner</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for AIDS Prevention and Control</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский краевой Центр профилактики и борьбы со СПИД</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk City Children’s Hospital No. 8</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярская городская детская больница № 8</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children’s Scientific and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детский научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-04-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-28"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-04"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-05-16"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/627518">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/627518</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><italic>: </italic>The need for microbiological monitoring of the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes is associated with changes that occur during routine immunization of children with pneumococcal vaccines.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>:</italic> To characterize the changes in the serotype structure of <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> obtained from healthy preschool children between 2016 and 2022.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic> In total, 1250 healthy children aged &lt;6 years attending kindergartens were examined in multicenter studies (2016–2018 and 2020–2022). Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal isolates (<italic>n</italic>=265) were obtained using the culture method. <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> serotype was determined using polymerase chain reaction.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic> Between 2016 and 2018, the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage decreased from 27.3 to 17.3%, and by 2022, it increased to 25.6%. Moreover, the correspondence of <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> serotypes to the antigenic composition of the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine decreased from 48.8 to 9.4% and the composition of the 20-valent vaccine from 75.6 to 39.1%. The proportion of “non-vaccine” types of pneumococcus increased from 22% in 2016 to 61% in 2022. Among the “non-vaccine” serotypes/groups, 15AF, 6CD, 23A, and 35F/47F were predominant, and new variants were also discovered: 23B and 35B. The serotypes included in the 13-valent conjugate vaccine were detected among unvaccinated children and were represented by variants 19F, 6A and 6B, 23F. Throughout the observation period, pneumococci of serotypes/groups 15BC, 11AD, and 10A were detected with high frequency.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold><italic>:</italic> Because of the elimination of a significant part of <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> “vaccine” serotypes in 2016–2022, the concordance of circulating variants with the antigenic composition of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines significantly decreased. In addition, the new types detected with high frequency are not included in existing pneumococcal vaccines, which necessitates the creation of new immunobiological drugs for pneumococcal infection prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Изменения серотипового пейзажа пневмококков, происходящие на фоне рутинной иммунизации детей пневмококковыми вакцинами, обусловливают необходимость проведения микробиологического мониторинга.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — охарактеризовать изменения серотиповой структуры пневмококков, полученных от здоровых детей дошкольного возраста, в период с 2016 по 2022 год.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В ходе многоцентровых исследований (2016–2018 и 2020–2022 годы) обследовано 1250 здоровых детей в возрасте до 6 лет, посещающих детские сады. Назофарингеальные изоляты пневмококка (<italic>n</italic>=265) получены с использованием бактериологического метода. Определение серотипа <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> проводилось с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В течение 2016–2018 годов распространённость носительства пневмококка снизилась с 27,3 до 17,3%, а к 2022 году вновь возросла (25,6%). При этом соответствие серотипов <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> антигенному составу 13-валентной пневмококковой вакцины снизилось с 48,8 до 9,4%; составу 20-валентной вакцины — с 75,6 до 39,1%. Удельный вес «невакцинных» типов пневмококка, соответственно, возрос с 22% в 2016 году до 61% в 2022 году. Среди «невакцинных» серотипов / серогрупп преобладали 15AF, 6CD, 23A и 35F/47F; также обнаруживались новые, не встречавшиеся ранее варианты — 23B и 35B. Серотипы, входящие в состав 13-валентной конъюгированной вакцины, выявлялись, как правило, среди непривитых детей и были представлены вариантами 19F, 6A и 6B, 23F. На протяжении всего периода наблюдения с высокой частотой обнаруживались пневмококки серотипов / серогрупп 15BC, 11AD и 10A.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. В течение 2016–2022 годов вследствие элиминации значительной части «вакцинных» серотипов <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> произошло существенное снижение соответствия циркулирующих вариантов возбудителя антигенному составу применяемых конъюгированных вакцин. При этом новые, выявляющиеся с высокой частотой сероварианты не входят в состав существующих пневмококковых вакцин, что обусловливает необходимость создания новых иммунобиологических препаратов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>serotypes</kwd><kwd>carriage</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>серотипы</kwd><kwd>носительство</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Rostropovich Vishnevskaya Foundation “For the Health of Children”</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Благотворительный фонд Ростроповича-Вишневской «Во имя здоровья и будущего детей»</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev SN, Alyeva MH, Baranov AA, et al. 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