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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">601806</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID601806</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Applying decision tree algorithms to early differential diagnosis between different clinical forms of acute Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение алгоритма дерева решений для ранней дифференциальной диагностики между различными клиническими формами острого иксодового клещевого боррелиоза и клещевого энцефалита</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7646-6905</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6602611268</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-1653-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5245-5958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyinskikh</surname><given-names>Ekaterina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильинских</surname><given-names>Екатерина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>infconf2009@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-8632</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AEQ-2635-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8094-3417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatova</surname><given-names>Evgenia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филатова</surname><given-names>Евгения Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>synamber@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8477-8551</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">HGC-9557-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4710-0894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samoylov</surname><given-names>Kirill V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самойлов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ассистент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>samoilov.krl@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-3897</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ACK-7745-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2690-1166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Alina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Алина Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ассистент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>wind_of_change95@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-7133</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55543000900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-8210-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2229-4552</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Axyonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксёнов</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент </p></bio><email>axyonov@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-10-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-11-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>275</fpage><lpage>288</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-17"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-11-05"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/601806">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/601806</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis are the most common natural focal infections in Russia often arising as a mixed infection, which is often clinically difficult to distinguish from a monoinfection at the onset of the disease that is a result of delayed laboratory verification of the diagnosis and it requires further searching for fundamentally new approaches to the issue of early differential diagnosis of tick-borne infections.<bold>Aims:</bold> is to develop decision tree algorithms for early differential diagnosis between the mono- and mixed forms of acute Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis with prevailing febrile syndrome in clinical picture based on clinical and laboratory data.<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> We retrospectively analyzed 55 clinical and laboratory parameters obtained from 291 hospitalized tick-borne infections patients with or without erythema migrans at the site of ixodid tick bites in the first week of the disease, who were included in the single-center study from 2010 to 2023. In 211 patients without erythema, the analysis was carried out between three classes depending on the diagnosis: the mixed infection of non-erythematous Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis, the mono-infection of non-erythematous Lyme borreliosis or the monoinfection of tick-borne encephalitis. The other two classes, which included 80 patients with erythema, had the mixed infection of acute erythematous Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis or erythematous Lyme borreliosis monoinfection. Python programming language was applied to develop two decision tree models. Feature importance was assessed for all predictors. Each patient class was randomly divided into training (70%) and testing (30%) datasets. Accuracy evaluation of the models was based on ROC analysis.<bold>Results:</bold> The decision tree algorithm for early differential diagnosis among the tick-borne infection patients without erythema migrans included the following most important predictors: maximal fever rise, chills, neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio, ESR, absolute number of reactive lymphocytes and immature granulocytes, and percentage of eosinophils. The model for differential diagnosis between the patients with erythema migrans included the following predictors: maximal fever rise, the absolute number of reactive lymphocytes and immature granulocytes, and the percentage of basophils. Both decision tree models showed excellent predictive values based on sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and F1 scores, as well as areas under the ROC curve, which were higher than 0.90.<bold>Conclusions:</bold> Based on clinical and laboratory parameters, two decision tree models with high sensitivity have been developed, which can be easily applied in clinical practice for early differential diagnosis of the tick-borne infections with prevailing fever syndrome.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Клещевой энцефалит и иксодовый клещевой боррелиоз являются наиболее распространенными в России природно-очаговыми инфекциями, не редко протекающими в виде смешанной формы, которую зачастую клинически сложно отличить от моноинфекции в начале болезни, что может быть обусловлено поздней лабораторной верификацией диагноза и требует поиска принципиально нового подхода к проблеме раннего дифференциального диагноза клещевых инфекций.<bold>Цель исследования:</bold> создание алгоритмов деревьев решений для ранней дифференциальной диагностики между изолированными и смешанными формами острого иксодового клещевого боррелиоза и клещевого энцефалита с преобладанием лихорадочного синдрома на основе анализа клинико-лабораторных данных.<bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Ретроспективно проанализированы 55 клинико-лабораторных параметров, полученных в первую неделю болезни от 291 госпитализированного больного клещевыми инфекциями, имевшими или не имевшими мигрирующую эритему на месте присасывания иксодового клеща, включенных в одноцентровое исследование в период с 2010 по 2023 гг. У 211 больных без эритемы анализ проводился между тремя классами в зависимости от диагноза: имевшими смешанную инфекцию безэритемной формы иксодового клещевого боррелиоза с клещевым энцефалитом, моноинфекцию безэритемного боррелиоза или моноинфекцию клещевого энцефалита. Два других класса, включавших 80 пациентов с эритемой, имели микст-заболевание острого эритемного боррелиоза с клещевым энцефалитом или боррелиозную моноинфекцию. Язык программирования Python был применен для разработки двух моделей деревьев решений. Определялись показатели важности всех предикторов. Каждый из классов пациентов был случайным образом разделен на обучающую (70%) и тестовую (30%) выборки. Оценка точности моделей была основана на ROC-анализе.<bold>Результаты.</bold> Алгоритм дерева решений для ранней дифференциальной диагностики у больных клещевыми инфекциями без эритемы включал следующие наиболее важные предикторы: максимальную высоту лихорадки, озноб, индекс соотношения нейтрофилов и моноцитов, СОЭ, абсолютное число реактивных лимфоцитов и незрелых гранулоцитов, а также процентное содержание эозинофилов. Модель для дифференциального диагноза между пациентами с эритемой включала: высоту лихорадки, абсолютное число реактивных лимфоцитов и незрелых гранулоцитов, а также процентное содержание базофилов. Обе модели деревьев решений получили высокую прогностическую оценку на основании определения чувствительности, специфичности, прецизионности, точности и показателя F1, а также площади под ROC-кривой, превышающей 0,90.<bold>Заключение:</bold> С использованием клинико-лабораторных параметров разработаны два алгоритма дерева решений, имеющих высокую чувствительность, которые легко применимы в клинической практике для ранней дифференциальной диагностики клещевых инфекций с преобладанием синдрома лихорадки.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>decision tree</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>Lyme borreliosis</kwd><kwd>tick-borne encephalitis</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дерево решений</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>иксодовый клещевой боррелиоз</kwd><kwd>клещевой энцефалит</kwd><kwd>дифференциальный диагноз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-15-20010, https://rscf.ru/project/22-15-20010/ и средств Администрации Томской области.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-15-20010, https://rscf.ru/project/22-15-20010/ and the Tomsk Region Administration.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 22-15-20010</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobzin YuV, Uskov AN, Kozlov SS. 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