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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">41764</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID41764</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Annual influenza vaccination of patients with cardiovascular diseases and changes in hemagglutinin antibody titers: 3-year follow-up data</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ежегодная противогриппозная вакцинация пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями и динамика титров антител к гемагглютинину. Данные трёхлетнего наблюдения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3506-6168</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8255-2796</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонова</surname><given-names>Елена Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник Лаборатории амбулаторных диагностических методов в профилактике ХНИЗ</p></bio><email>EPlatonova@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7669-9714</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2897-1287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Alexandr D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>Александр Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Mathematics and Physics, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., в.н.с</p></bio><email>Adeev@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-8997</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5111-1303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunov</surname><given-names>Vladimir M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунов</surname><given-names>Владимир Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н, профессор</p></bio><email>Vgorbunov@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6920-0874</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6135-6646</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назарова</surname><given-names>Ольга Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н, профессор</p></bio><email>oanazarova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7164-0086</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белова</surname><given-names>Ольга Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>cardiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-кардиолог</p></bio><email>bel_olga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-6431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3322-2020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Furman</surname><given-names>Nicolay V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фурман</surname><given-names>Николай Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>furman.nikolay@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-1722</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8240-2328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolotovskaya</surname><given-names>Polina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долотовская</surname><given-names>Полина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н</p></bio><email>povladol@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-8908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironova</surname><given-names>Alexandra A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронова</surname><given-names>Александра Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-кардиолог</p></bio><email>mironova.alexandra88@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6846-6219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8706-9604</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dovgalevsky</surname><given-names>Pavel Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Довгалевский</surname><given-names>Павел Яковлевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>Eplatonova@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-4525</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6842-9870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loukianov</surname><given-names>Michail M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянов</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>MLoukianov@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6998-8406</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7961-5520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boytsov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойцов</surname><given-names>Сергей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н, профессор, член-корр. РАН</p></bio><email>info@cardioweb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ "Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медицины" Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ivanovo State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Ивановская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cardiological dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ОБУЗ «Кардиологический диспансер»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГУЗ «Областной клинический кардиологический диспансер»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Саратовский государственный медицинский университет имени В.И. Разумовского» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Healthcare Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный Медицинский Исследовательский Центр Кардиологии» Министерства здравоохранения России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2020-10-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-07-27"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, ООО "Эко-вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/41764">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/41764</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> <italic>Seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with cardiovascular diseases. Low vaccination coverage among these patients is due to insufficient knowledge about vaccine efficiency and its regular annual use.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>This work aimed</italic></bold><italic> to study the repeated 6-month changes in hemagglutinin antibody titers (AT) for 3 years in patients with cardiac pathology in a comparative study of influenza preventive vaccination.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> <italic>Analysis of ATs obtained based on the hemagglutination-inhibition test (HAI) was performed in 235 of 817 participants in a prospective follow-up. Blood sampling was performed at baseline, before the vaccination, and 6 months after, and at the same term in unvaccinated patients in the 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 seasons, respectively. The seropositive and seronegative responses to vaccination or acute respiratory or influenza infection were used, according to the reference values of seroconversion and seroprotection and the fact of seroconversion. Multiple regression analysis with a logarithmic scale was used to assess the vaccine effectiveness indices.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><bold><italic>:</italic></bold><italic> With vaccination coverage of at least 40% against seasonal influenza within 3 years, the trends of a decrease in seropositive and an increase in seronegative responses in the vaccination group and its reverse nature in the comparison group were determined by traditional analysis. Using logarithmic calculation, an increase in HAI AT seroconversion was revealed over a 3-year follow-up period. It was characterized by a homogeneous serological response at annual vaccination and heterogeneous with a higher serological response in cases without vaccination (p = 0.002 for H1N1 and p = 0.005 for H3N2, respectively). This trend can be determined by a higher and more stable prevaccination level of HAI AT than the same residual level of AT among unvaccinated patients.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><bold><italic>:</italic></bold><italic> During long-term cardiac studies, the logarithmic calculation in interpreting the results of HAI AT overcomes the limitations of the traditional analysis of assessing the efficiency of the annual influenza vaccine. Further serological programs are required to better understand the role of routine seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing morbidity and mortality of patients with cardiovascular diseases.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование. </italic></bold><italic>Вакцинация против сезонного гриппа рекомендована пациентам с сердечно-сосудистой патологией. Низкий охват иммунизацией среди таких больных связан с недостаточными знаниями об эффективности вакцины при её регулярном ежегодном применении.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Цель </italic></bold><italic>работы ― изучить повторную шестимесячную динамику титров антител (тА) к гемагглютинину в течение трёх лет у кардиологических пациентов в сравнительном исследовании вакцинопрофилактики гриппа.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold><italic> Анализ тА, полученных на основании реакции торможения гемагглютинации (РТГА), был выполнен 235 пациентам из 817 участников проспективного наблюдения. Забор крови проводили исходно, до и через 6 мес. после вакцинации и в аналогичные сроки у непривитых в сезон 2012/2013 и 2014/2015 гг. соответственно. Использовали серопозитивные и серонегативные варианты ответов на вакцинацию или острую респираторную/гриппозную инфекцию, согласно референсным значениям сероконверсии, серопротекции и факта сероконверсии. Для оценки показателей эффективности вакцины применяли множественный регрессионный анализ, используя логарифмическую шкалу.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты.</italic></bold><italic> При охвате вакцинацией против сезонного гриппа не менее 40% в течение трёх лет динамика снижения серопозитивных и увеличения серонегативных ответов в группе вакцинации и обратного её характера в группе сравнения была определена при традиционном анализе. При логарифмическом исчислении за трёхлетний период наблюдения был выявлен прирост сероконверсии тА РТГА. При ежегодной иммунизации он характеризовался гомогенным серологическим ответом, в отличие от случаев без вакцинации, где он был гетерогенным и с бо́льшим по величине серологическим откликом (p = 0,002 для H1N1, p = 0,005 для H3N2 соответственно). Такая закономерность может быть определена более высоким и устойчивым предвакцинальным уровнем тА РТГА по сравнению с аналогичным остаточным уровнем тА среди непривитых.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold><italic> В условиях длительных кардиологических исследований применение логарифмического исчисления при интерпретации результатов титров антител РТГА помогает преодолеть ограничения традиционного анализа оценки эффективности ежегодной противогриппозной вакцины. Дальнейшие серологические программы необходимы для глубокого понимания роли регулярной вакцинации против сезонного гриппа в профилактике заболеваемости и смертности у больных с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>seasonal influenza</kwd><kwd>vaccine efficacy</kwd><kwd>annual repeated vaccination</kwd><kwd>hemagglutinin antibody titers</kwd><kwd>revaccination</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>secondary prevention</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сезонный грипп</kwd><kwd>эффективность вакцины</kwd><kwd>титры антител к гемагглютинину</kwd><kwd>повторная вакцинация</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>вторичная профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared on the basis of materials from a study conducted with financial support from NPO Petrovaks Pharm. The article presents the position of the authors, which may differ from the position of Petrovax Pharm.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена на основе материалов исследования, выполненного при финансовой поддержке ООО «НПО Петровакс Фарм». В статье изложена позиция авторов, которая может отличаться от позиции «ПетроваксФарм».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis MM, Taubert K, Benin AL, et al. Influenza vaccination as secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48(7):1498-1502. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis M.M., Taubert K., Benin A.L., et al. 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