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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">112115</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID112115</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sensitivity of &lt;&gt;iStreptococcus pneumoniae to antibiotics and the sex of the patient: A systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Чувствительность <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> к антибиотикам и пол пациента: систематический обзор и метаанализ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-832X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8774-6450</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sergejsemenov596@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-2576</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6507469219</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6704-2840</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khasanova</surname><given-names>Gulshat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасанова</surname><given-names>Гульшат Рашатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Acad. RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>gulshatra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-11-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>184</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-26"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, ООО "Эко-вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-13"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/112115">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/112115</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics is a recent global problem, which has become more acute in recent years because of a significant increase in the consumption of antibiotics, against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. A direct consequence of the spread of antibiotic-insensitive strains of pneumococci limits the treatment options for such patients and deterioration of the prognosis.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> To determine whether sex is a factor associated with the development of diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Using the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, a search was conducted for articles published from January 1980 to December 2020, and studies in English and Russian were selected. The selection of articles and meta-analysis was based on the recommendations of the PRISMA Group and MOOSE. After combining the data, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity was assessed.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> After applying the exclusion criteria, 41 publications covering 16635 patients with invasive and non-invasive forms of pneumococcal infection were selected for analysis. Of these, 36 case-control studies and 5 cross-sectional studies were identified. Accordingly, the sex of the patient does not affect the frequency of isolation of pneumococcal strains insensitive to penicillin (odds ratio [OR]=0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82–1.03, I<sup>2</sup>=7%), resistant to penicillin (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.67–1.07, I<sup>2</sup>=1%), and insensitive to erythromycin (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.51–1.24, I<sup>2</sup>=0%). Male sex is associated with pneumococcal resistance to levofloxacin (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.03–3.33, I<sup>2</sup>=0%).</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The sex of the patient is not a factor associated with the isolation of <italic>S. pneumonia</italic> strains insensitive and resistant to penicillin and erythromycin. Moreover, the male sex probably increases the chance of isolation of levofloxacin-resistant pneumococci in adults with invasive pneumococcal infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Распространение резистентности микроорганизмов к антибиотикам — глобальная проблема современности, которая в последние годы сильнее обострилась в связи со значительным ростом потребления антибиотиков, в том числе и бесконтрольного на фоне пандемии COVID-19. Прямым следствием распространения нечувствительных к антибиотикам штаммов пневмококков является ограничение возможностей лечения таких пациентов и ухудшение прогноза.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования</italic></bold> — выяснить, является ли пол фактором, ассоциированным с развитием заболеваний, вызванных антибиотикорезистентными штаммами <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> С использованием электронных баз данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar был проведён поиск статей, опубликованных за период с января 1980 по декабрь 2020 г.; отобраны исследования на английском и русском языках. Отбор статей и метаанализ осуществлялись в соответствии с рекомендациями PRISMA Group и MOOSE. После объединения данных рассчитано отношение шансов (ОШ) с 95% доверительным интервалом (ДИ). Проводилась оценка гетерогенности.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> После применения критериев исключения для анализа была отобрана 41 публикация с охватом 16 635 пациентов с инвазивными и неинвазивными формами пневмококковой инфекции, из них 36 исследований типа «случай — контроль», 5 кросс-секционных. Получены следующие результаты: пол пациента не влияет на частоту выделения штаммов пневмококка, нечувствительных к пенициллину (ОШ=0,92, 95% ДИ 0,82–1,03, I<sup>2</sup>=7%), резистентных к пенициллину (ОШ=0,85, 95% ДИ 0,67–1,07, I<sup>2</sup>=1%), нечувствительных к эритромицину (ОШ=0,80, 95% ДИ 0,51–1,24, I<sup>2</sup>=0%). Мужской пол ассоциирован с резистентностью пневмококка к левофлоксацину (ОШ=1,85, 95% ДИ 1,03–3,33, I<sup>2</sup>=0%).</p> <p><bold><italic>Выводы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Пол пациента не является фактором, ассоциированным с выделением нечувствительных и резистентных к пенициллину и эритромицину штаммов <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic>. При этом мужской пол, вероятно, повышает шанс выделения левофлоксацин-резистентных пневмококков у взрослых с инвазивными пневмококковыми инфекциями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>pneumococcus</kwd><kwd>risk factor</kwd><kwd>sex</kwd><kwd>systematic review</kwd><kwd>meta-analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>пневмококк</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>пол</kwd><kwd>систематический обзор</kwd><kwd>метаанализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine worldwide, 2000–2012. 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