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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2007</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-2015</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">108550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/EID108550</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Monkeypox ― exotic infection outbreak or a new global challenge to global Health system?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оспа обезьян ― очередная вспышка экзотической инфекции или новый глобальный вызов системе здравоохранения?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9777-1220</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4312-9786</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgopolov</surname><given-names>Igor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгополов</surname><given-names>Игорь Станиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>irdolgopolov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8398-7001</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7652-0122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rykov</surname><given-names>Maksim Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыков</surname><given-names>Максим Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor, Research Associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, н.с.</p></bio><email>wordex2006@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-098X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamtsova</surname><given-names>Zhanna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамцова</surname><given-names>Жанна Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>hamtsova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tver State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тверской государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.P. Avaev Center for specialized types of medical care</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи имени В.П. Аваева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-07-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-07-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-05"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-21"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, ООО "Эко-вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-07-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/108550">https://rjeid.com/1560-9529/article/view/108550</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, results in a smallpox-like or a chickenpox-like disease. Monkeypox in human was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently has spread to other regions of Africa (primarily West and Central). In 2003 the first monkeypox outbreak occurred outside of Africa in USA. The latest outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 is characterized by the simultaneous involvement of several hundred people. The appearance of cases outside of Africa highlights the risk for geographical spread and the global relevance of the disease requiring the epidemiologic studies and the search for effective methods of prevention and therapy.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> To summarize and systematize the results of studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical picture, the role of vaccination and treatment of monkeypox, including taking into account the last outbreak of the disease in May 2022 in non-endemic regions.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), and the Google Scholar database published up to May 31, 2022, using the keywords "monkeypox" or "monkeypox virus" or "smallpox human monkeys". We primary selected 112 abstracts. After removing duplicates and irrelevant articles, 48 full-text articles have been selected. After reviewing the full-text article versions, 15 articles were excluded due to highly specialized biological topics, poor study design, quality of results, or their unavailability. Ultimately, this review included 33 articles, in addition to which 6 founding and supporting websites were cited.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Monkeypox cases among humans have been on the rise since the 1970s, primarily in endemic areas. The median age at the time of treatment increased from 4 (1970s) to 21 (2010–2019). Since 2003, the spread of monkeypox outside Africa has been noted, associated with the importation of infected animals, migration and tourism. Transmission to humans occurs through close contact with an infected animal (70%), a person or material contaminated with the virus. Monkeypox presents with fever, vesicular rash, and lymphadenopathy lasting 2 to 4 weeks. Mortality is associated with the development of complications and is 10.6% for the Central African clade compared to 3.6% for the West African clade. There have been no deaths outside of Africa. Our review shows an escalation of monkeypox cases, especially in endemic Africa and spread to other countries, which is likely due to the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, which provided cross-protection against monkeypox. Unfortunately, smallpox vaccination is contraindicated in immunocompromised individuals, despite the availability of recommended vaccines. The effectiveness of existing antiviral drugs (tecovirimate and brincidofovir) has been little studied in humans.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The weakening of population immunity, associated with the cessation of vaccination against smallpox, created the prerequisites for the outbreaks of monkeypox, including in non-endemic areas. Surveillance and detection programs are important tools for understanding the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease. In light of the emergence of cases outside of Africa, the potential for human-to-human transmission of the virus, the public health significance of monkeypox should not be underestimated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Оспа обезьян ― зоонозное заболевание, вызываемое ортопоксвирусом (Orthopoxvirus), имеет симптомы и течение, сходные с натуральной и ветряной оспой. Вирус оспы обезьян у людей впервые был диагностирован в 1970 г. в Демократической Республике Конго, впоследствии распространился на другие регионы Африки (преимущественно в Западную и Центральную), а с 2003 г. вышел за пределы эндемичных районов Африки, что было связано с миграцией, туризмом и ввозом инфицированных животных. Вспышка оспы обезьян в мае 2022 г. отличается высокой контагиозностью вируса, что привело к одновременному массовому поражению нескольких сотен человек. Расширение зоны распространения оспы обезьян делает актуальными изучение особенностей течения эпидемического процесса и поиск эффективных методов профилактики и терапии.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> ― обобщить и систематизировать результаты исследований, посвящённых эпидемиологии, диагностике, клинической картине, роли вакцинопрофилактики и лечению оспы обезьян, в том числе с учётом последней вспышки заболевания в мае 2022 г. в неэндемичных регионах.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Проведён систематический поиск источников литературы в базах данных MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed) и Google Scholar, опубликованных до 31 мая 2022 г., с использованием следующих ключевых слов: «оспа обезьян», или «вирус оспы обезьян», или «оспа обезьян человека». Изучено 112 аннотаций к статьям. После удаления дубликатов и нерелевантных источников отобрано 48 полнотекстовых статей, из них отклонено 15 в связи с узкоспециализированной биологической тематикой, неудовлетворительным дизайном исследований, качеством результатов или их недоступностью. В итоге в настоящий обзор включено 33 статьи, в дополнение к которым были процитированы 6 основополагающих и вспомогательных веб-сайтов.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Число случаев оспы обезьян среди людей растёт с 1970-х гг., прежде всего в эндемичных районах. Средний возраст на момент обращения увеличился с 4 (1970-е гг.) до 21 года (2010–2019 гг.). Передача человеку осуществляется при тесном контакте с инфицированным животным (70%), человеком или материалом, заражённым вирусом. Оспа обезьян проявляется лихорадкой, везикулярной сыпью и лимфаденопатией длительностью от 2 до 4 нед. Летальность обусловлена развитием осложнений и для центральноафриканской клады составляет 10,6%, для западноафриканской ― 3,6%. Летальных случаев за пределами Африки не зафиксировано.</p> <p>В обзоре сообщается об увеличении интенсивности эпидемического процесса оспы обезьян в эндемичной Африке и распространении его на неэндемичные территории других стран, что, вероятно, обусловлено прекращением вакцинации против натуральной оспы, которая обеспечивала перекрёстную защиту от вируса оспы обезьян. Вместе с тем, несмотря на наличие рекомендованных вакцин, иммунизация против оспы противопоказана лицам с иммунодефицитом, а эффективность существующих противовирусных препаратов (тековиримат и бринцидофовир) мало изучена на людях.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Снижение уровня популяционного иммунитета, связанное с прекращением вакцинации против натуральной оспы, создало предпосылки для возникновения вспышек оспы обезьян, в том числе в неэндемичных районах. Программы эпиднадзора по выявлению вируса являются важным инструментом в понимании постоянно меняющейся эпидемиологии этого заболевания. Учитывая появление случаев за пределами Африки и возможность передачи вируса от человека к человеку, не следует недооценивать значимость оспы обезьян для общественного здравоохранения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epidemic</kwd><kwd>monkeypox</kwd><kwd>orthopoxvirus</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>smallpox vaccine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оспа обезьян</kwd><kwd>ортопоксвирус</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>противооспенная вакцина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox ― a potential threat? A systematic review. 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