Peculiarities of early ontogeny of dwarf forms of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus complex (Salmonidae) from Lakes Tokko and Bol’shoe Leprindo (Transbaikalia). 2. Reciprocal hybrids

Мұқаба

Дәйексөз келтіру

Толық мәтін

Ашық рұқсат Ашық рұқсат
Рұқсат жабық Рұқсат берілді
Рұқсат жабық Тек жазылушылар үшін

Аннотация

Growth, peculiarities and anomalies of the ossification and development of skeletal elements, as well as body proportions and meristic characters of laboratory-reared larvae and fry of two lacustrine dwarf forms of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes Tokko and Bol’shoe Leprindo (Transbaikalia) were studied. Retardations of the formation of blood cells, anomalies of morpho- and osteogenesis, and increased mortality of unhatched embryos, free embryos and prelarvae of reciprocal hybrids were revealed. Initial characteristics of prelarvae, linear growth, rate of osteogenesis, body proportions, and colouration of hybrid individuals matched matroclinal developmental pattern. Heterochrony of the ossification of vertebral centra was revealed in prelarvae of the hybrid between females from Lake Tokko and males of the deep-water form from Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo. Their ossification was displaced to an earlier stage in the typical ossification and differentiation sequence of skull bones and fin rays, which indicates the presence of respective regulator in parental genome. Such effect was not observed in reciprocal hybrid; however, it demonstrated earlier ossification of predorsalia than the pure form from Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo. The formation of morphological features in the ontogeny of hybrid larvae and juveniles as compared with parental forms was traced. All lethal anomalies of reciprocal hybrids and non-lethal anomalies influencing their viability as well as accelerated use of yolk by hybrids between the females from Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo and males from Lake Tokko, which resulted in mass mortality of prelarvae and weak development of the skeleton of early larvae are considered as the elements of post-zygotic reproductive isolation between pure forms of gen. Salvelinus from the two lakes. This isolation is obviously incomplete since part of hybrid individuals developed normally, though their fertility remains unknown.

Толық мәтін

Рұқсат жабық

Авторлар туралы

M. Pichugin

Lomonosov Moscow State University; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: mp_icht@mail.ru
Ресей, Moscow; Moscow

N. Korostelev

Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: mp_icht@mail.ru
Ресей, Moscow

S. Alekseyev

Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: mp_icht@mail.ru
Ресей, Moscow

Әдебиет тізімі

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2. Fig. 1. Producers (mature males) of dwarf lake forms of arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes: a – Tokko, b – Bolshoe Leprindo.

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3. Fig. 2. Coloration of late larvae (a) and fry (b) of hybrids of females of the dwarf form of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Tokko and males of the dwarf form from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo from the 2016 experiment.

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4. Fig. 3. The degree of development of skeletal elements and the state of the yolk sac in hybrids of females of the dwarf form of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Tokko and males of the dwarf form from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo at the age of 38 (a) and 59 days (b).

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5. Fig. 4. The tail section of hybrids of females of the dwarf form of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Tokko and males of the dwarf form from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo with rudiments of three (a) and four (b) urostylar vertebrae: U3, U4 – rudiments of the 3rd and 4th urostylar vertebrae, respectively.

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6. Fig. 5. Light (a) and dark (b) morphs of two-year-olds (1+) of hybrids of females of the dwarf form of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Tokko and males of the dwarf form from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo.

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7. Fig. 6. Coloration of two-year-olds (age 732 days after hatching) of hybrids of females of the dwarf form of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Tokko and males of the dwarf form from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo: a – male FL 63 mm, gonadal maturity stage II–III; b, c – juvenile males FL 60 and 62 mm.

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8. Fig. 7. Increased distance between the rudiments of the vertebral bodies of the tail section in a hybrid of a female of the dwarf form of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Tokko and a male of the dwarf form from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo.

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9. Fig. 8. Rudiments of the bodies of the trunk (vert. a21–23) and urostylar (U1, U2) vertebrae in a hybrid between a female of the dwarf form of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo and a male of the dwarf form from Lake Tokko.

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10. Fig. 9. Variants of the lifetime coloration of two-year-old (1+) hybrids of dwarf females of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo and a male of the dwarf form from Lake Tokko.

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11. Fig. 10. Changes in the average index of the skeletal differentiation degree (30 traits) of juvenile reciprocal hybrids of dwarf forms of the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex depending on age (a) and body length according to Smith (FL) (b): (○, —) – hybrids of females from Lake Tokko and males from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo (ToBL), (▲, - - -) – hybrids of females from Lake Bolshoe Leprindo and males from Lake Tokko (BLTo). Each point corresponds to the average value in samples of 2–65 individuals grouped by different age (a – 10 days) and size (b – 2 mm) intervals. The approximating curves are constructed using a second-degree polynomial.

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12. Fig. 11. Gill arches of fry of reciprocal hybrids of dwarf forms of arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes Tokko and Bolshoe Leprindo: a–c – ToBL, g–e – BLTo; length according to Smith (FL, mm) and number of ossified gill rakers: a – 53, 30; b – 63, 32; c – 79, 35; g – 53, 29; d – 63.5, 31; e – 76, 33. Here and in Figs. 12–15: for the designations of the names of reciprocal hybrids, see Fig. 10.

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13. Fig. 12. Dynamics of changes in the number of gill rakers (a, b) and the index of the length of the largest gill raker (c, d) in the ontogenesis of juveniles of reciprocal hybrids of dwarf forms of arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes Tokko and Bolshoe Leprindo in relation to age (a, c) and body length (b, d). For designations, see Fig. 10.

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14. Fig. 13. Distribution of laboratory-reared juveniles of dwarf forms of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes Tokko (kTo) (- · -) and Bolshoe Leprindo (kBL) (···) and their reciprocal hybrids ToBL (, ○) and BLTo (----, ▲) in the space of the first two principal components (PC1, 2) (logarithms of 26 body measurements transformed according to the allometry equation). The position of individual specimens is given only for hybrids. Cluster centroids are shown: (×) – kTo, (+) – kBL, (○) – ToBL, (▲) – BLTo.

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15. Fig. 14. Lifetime coloration of three-year-old individuals of reciprocal hybrids of dwarf forms of arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes Tokko and Bolshoe Leprindo: a – ToBL, b – BLTo.

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16. Fig. 15. The degree of yolk consumption at the beginning of the period of laying the axial skeleton (vertebral bodies) in reciprocal hybrids of dwarf forms of arctic char Salvelinus alpinus complex from lakes Tokko and Bolshoe Leprindo: a – ToBL, b – BLTo.

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